Why is it in the news?

• Recent studies have estimated the annual economic value of ecosystem services in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean region to be approximately $180 billion.

 More about the news

• Ecosystem services refer to the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being, impacting survival and quality of life.
• These services involve the ability of humans to obtain products from ecosystems. Some of the examples in the A&SO include the Antarctic toothfish and krill, which are utilized as food for humans and for the production of high-value pharmaceuticals.

Regulating Services:

• These benefits stem from natural processes and ecosystem functioning.
• The Southern Ocean plays a crucial role in climate regulation by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere and facilitating the global transport of water.

Cultural Services:

• These are non-material benefits obtained by people from ecosystems.
• In the A&SO, tourism and scientific research activities contribute to spiritual enrichment, recreation, and educational opportunities.

Governance of Antarctic and Southern Ocean

Antarctic Treaty (1959)

• The Antarctic Treaty, established in 1959, governs activities in the region south of 60° South latitude.
• It emphasizes the peaceful use of Antarctica and prohibits military activities, fostering international cooperation in scientific research and environmental protection.

Antarctic Treaty System

• This system encompasses the Antarctic Treaty itself and a series of related agreements.
• These agreements address various aspects of Antarctic governance, including scientific cooperation, environmental conservation, and management of resources.