1) SpaceX’s Mars Mission

GS 3: Science and Technology: Mars Mission

Why is it in the news?

• On March 15, 2025, Elon Musk announced on X that SpaceX aims to land an uncrewed mission on Mars by the end of 2026. The mission will feature Optimus, a robot developed by Tesla, as its passenger.
• Musk stated that if the landings are successful, human missions could begin by 2029, though 2031 is more likely. The project relies on SpaceX’s reusable super heavy-lift launch vehicle, Starship, to achieve this milestone.

Technical and Logistical Challenges

• Despite Musk’s ambitious timeline, SpaceX has faced multiple setbacks, including two critical Starship test failures. These “rapid unscheduled dis-assemblies” raise concerns about the mission’s feasibility. One of the key challenges is the development of an auxiliary tanker spacecraft capable of refuelling Starship in orbit.
• Since Mars is approximately 5.5 crore kilometers from Earth, the spacecraft must be adequately fuelled. However, Starship’s current fuel storage capacity of 4,200 tonnes is insufficient for the journey.
• To address this, SpaceX announced in April 2024 that it would use Low Earth Orbit (LEO) tankers to refuel Starship mid-flight. This complex process, involving the transfer of super-cooled liquid oxygen and methane in the vacuum of space, has never been attempted before.
• Experts, including former NASA official Daniel Dumbacher, express doubts about whether SpaceX can design, test, and deploy these tankers within 20 months, before the next launch window in 2026.
• The mission’s success depends on launching multiple tanker spacecraft in quick succession to counteract fuel evaporation, adding another layer of complexity.

SpaceX’s Track Record and Capabilities

• Despite the uncertainties, SpaceX has repeatedly demonstrated technological breakthroughs. The successful deployment of reusable Falcon 9 rocket boosters and the Dragon capsule highlights its engineering capabilities.
• SpaceX’s Starbase facility in Texas plays a crucial role, enabling rapid manufacturing of Raptor engines and Starship components. Reports indicate that SpaceX produces one Raptor engine per day and assembles the second stage of Starship within weeks, which could be instrumental in preparing the tanker fleet.

Mars Landing Challenges

• Landing Starship on Mars poses another set of obstacles. Unlike Falcon 9, which uses retractable landing gear, the current Starship design lacks a dedicated landing system. On Earth, SpaceX utilizes the “Chopsticks” vertical catching system for landings, but Mars has no equivalent infrastructure.
• The thin Martian atmosphere further complicates the landing process, requiring advanced entry, descent, and landing technologies that SpaceX has yet to demonstrate. Given Starship’s high failure rate in test flights, significant refinements are needed before the spacecraft can be deemed reliable for such a mission.

NASA’s Concerns and Political Implications

• Reports suggest that NASA officials are concerned about a potential conflict of interest involving Musk’s role as head of the Department of Governmental Efficiency (DOGE), an advisory body to former U.S. President Donald Trump. DOGE has advocated for extensive federal budget cuts, leading to the closure of NASA’s Office of Technology, Policy, and Strategy, as well as the Office of the Chief Scientist.
• Speculation has emerged that these cuts could redirect more funds to SpaceX’s NASA contracts, raising ethical questions about Musk’s dual role as a government adviser and a private contractor.
• While Musk has a history of bold claims, a successful Mars landing would solidify SpaceX’s dominance in the space industry. However, whether SpaceX can overcome the immense technical, logistical, and political challenges within the set timeframe remains uncertain.

2) Parker Solar Probe: NASA’s Mission to ‘Touch’ the Sun

GS 3: Science and Technology: Studying the Sun’s outer atmosphere

Why is it in the news?

• On March 22, 2024, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe made another attempt to get within 6 million km of the Sun, a record-breaking proximity for any spacecraft.
• Launched in 2018 from Cape Canaveral aboard a Delta IV rocket, the probe has been on a seven-year journey to study the Sun’s outer atmosphere, the corona. With a top speed of 692,000 km/hr, it has already spent over 2,000 hours navigating this extreme environment.

Understanding Solar Activity

• The Sun’s core generates energy through nuclear fusion, while its powerful magnetic fields trigger solar flares and coronal mass ejections. These eruptions release charged particles that travel at nearly 900 km/s, sometimes reaching Earth and causing geomagnetic storms that disrupt power grids, telecommunications, and satellites.
• Studying these solar dynamics is essential to predicting and mitigating such impacts. This is why NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe and why ISRO operates Aditya-L1, positioned 150 million km from the Sun.

Revolutionary Heat Shield Technology

• Named after astrophysicist Eugene Parker, who predicted the existence of solar wind, the probe is equipped with an advanced heat shield. This 8-foot-wide, 4.5-inch-thick carbon composite shield, designed by Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, withstands temperatures up to 1,370°C while weighing only 73 kg.
• A carbon-foam core and white ceramic coating help reflect solar radiation, keeping the instruments behind it at a manageable 29°C. The probe also has dual solar arrays, with one set protected behind the shield and another using a fluid cooling system for power generation.

Overcoming Gravity Challenges

• The biggest hurdle was not the Sun’s heat but its gravity. Without proper speed adjustments, the probe could have been pulled directly into the Sun. Initially, scientists considered using Jupiter’s gravity to slow the probe, but the vast distance made it impractical.
• Instead, the final mission design relied on gravitational assists from Earth and Venus, allowing the probe to spiral gradually closer, passing through the corona 24 times along the solar equator.

Scientific Instruments and Discoveries

Parker carries four primary instruments:

1) FIELDS – Measures the Sun’s electric and magnetic fields.

2) ISoIS – Observes energetic particles responsible for solar storms.

3) SWEAP – Studies the properties of solar wind particles.

4) WISPR – Captures images while passing through the corona.

A key milestone occurred in April 2021 when Parker moved closer than the Sun’s Alfvén surface, where solar wind detaches from the Sun’s surface. Additionally, a Faraday cup, exposed outside the shield, measures solar wind particle density, made of a molybdenum alloy with a 2,349°C melting point.

Key Findings: Solar Mysteries Unveiled

• Parker’s data has already led to groundbreaking discoveries. Scientists expected interplanetary dust to be uniformly present but found dust-free zones near the Sun. Another major finding was magnetic switchbacks—sudden reversals in the Sun’s magnetic field direction.
• One of the biggest mysteries in solar physics is why the corona is 200 times hotter than the Sun’s surface. Parker’s observations suggest that Alfvén waves—plasma oscillations driven by magnetic forces—may hold the answer. With another approach planned for June 19, the probe continues its quest to unlock the Sun’s secrets.

3) Long-Term Impact of Deep-Sea Mining

GS 3: Environment and Biodiversity: Deep Sea Mining

Why is it in the news?

• A new study has revealed that a section of the Pacific Ocean seabed mined for metals over 40 years ago has still not recovered. The research highlights long-term sediment changes and a decline in larger marine organisms.
• The study titled Long-term impact and biological recovery in a deep-sea mining track was conducted by scientists from Britain’s National Oceanography Centre.
• These findings come amid growing global concerns about deep sea mining. Last week, representatives from 36 countries attended a United Nations International Seabed Authority meeting in Jamaica to discuss whether mining companies should be permitted to extract metals from the ocean floor.

What is Deep Sea Mining?

• Deep sea mining involves extracting valuable mineral deposits from the ocean floor. There are three main types:

1) Polymetallic nodule mining – Collecting mineral-rich nodules scattered on the seabed.

2) Seafloor sulphide deposit mining – Extracting minerals from hydrothermal vent sites.

3) Cobalt crust mining – Removing mineral-rich crusts from underwater mountains.

• These deposits contain essential materials like nickel, rare earth elements, and cobalt, which are crucial for renewable energy technology, batteries, cellphones, and computers. As land-based reserves decline and demand rises, governments and companies see deep sea mining as a strategic resource.
• Mining technology is still developing. Some companies use massive pumps to vacuum minerals, while others explore AI-driven deep sea robots to extract nodules. Advanced machines are also being designed to mine materials from underwater mountains and volcanoes.

Findings of the Study

• The study examined the effects of a small-scale mining experiment conducted in 1979, where polymetallic nodules were removed from an 8-metre strip of the Pacific Ocean floor. Scientists revisited the site in 2023 and found significant long-term changes, including altered sediment composition and a decline in marine populations.
• NOC expedition leader Daniel Jones told Reuters, “The evidence provided by this study is critical for understanding potential long-term impacts… Although we saw some areas with little or no recovery, some animal groups were showing the first signs of recolonisation and repopulation.”

Environmental Concerns of Deep Sea Mining

• This is not the first time scientists have warned about the environmental consequences of deep-sea mining. Previous studies have highlighted risks such as harmful noise, vibrations, sediment plumes, and light pollution.
• A 2023 study in Current Biology found that mining operations below 200 metres significantly reduce animal populations and leave a more extensive ecological footprint than previously estimated.
• As discussions on regulating deep sea mining continue, the latest findings reinforce concerns about its long-term ecological impact.

4) Make in India Powers Defence Growth 

GS 3: Defence: Enhancing defence production

Context

• India’s defence production has surged since the launch of the “Make in India” initiative, reaching ₹1.27 lakh crore in FY 2023-24. Once reliant on imports, the country is now a key player in indigenous manufacturing, strengthening its military with homegrown capabilities. This shift reflects a commitment to self-reliance, boosting both national security and economic growth.
• Strategic policies have driven this transformation, encouraging private sector participation, technological advancements, and the development of advanced military platforms. The defence budget has risen from ₹2.53 lakh crore in 2013-14 to ₹6.81 lakh crore in 2025-26, underscoring India’s focus on military infrastructure.
• With modern warships, fighter jets, and artillery systems now produced domestically, India is emerging as a global defence manufacturing hub. The success of “Make in India” has not only bolstered national security but also positioned India as a reliable exporter of defence equipment.

Major Defence Acquisitions and Approvals

• Light Combat Helicopters (LCH) Prachand: The Ministry of Defence signed contracts worth ₹62,700 crore with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for 156 LCH helicopters—66 for the Indian Air Force and 90 for the Army. Designed for high-altitude warfare, the LCH features over 65% indigenous content, involving 250 domestic companies and generating over 8,500 jobs.
• Wet Leasing of Flight Refuelling Aircraft (FRA): The Indian Air Force has leased a KC-135 FRA from Metrea Management to enhance air-to-air refuelling capabilities. This is the first wet-leased FRA, with delivery expected in six months.
• Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS): The government approved the procurement of 307 ATAGS and 327 high-mobility gun towing vehicles for ₹7,000 crore. Developed by DRDO in collaboration with Bharat Forge and Tata Advanced Systems, ATAGS has a range of over 40 km and features advanced targeting and recoil management.

Record Defence Contracts in 2024-25

• The Ministry of Defence signed 193 contracts in 2024-25, worth over ₹2,09,050 crore—nearly double the previous highest figure. Of these, 177 contracts (92%) were awarded to Indian companies, amounting to ₹1,68,922 crore, aligning with the vision of self-reliance. This surge in procurement strengthens national security while boosting domestic industries and employment.

Growth in Indigenous Defence Production

• India’s indigenous defence production reached an all-time high of ₹1,27,434 crore in FY 2023-24, marking a 174% increase from ₹46,429 crore in 2014-15.
• This growth, driven by the “Make in India” initiative, has led to the development of key military platforms, including:

1) Land Systems: Dhanush Artillery Gun, ATAGS, Arjun Main Battle Tank, Light Combat Vehicles

2) Air Systems: LCA Tejas, ALH, LUH, Akash Missile System, Tactical Control Radar

3) Naval Assets: Destroyers, Aircraft Carriers, Submarines, Frigates, Offshore Patrol Vessels

Key Highlights

• 65% of defence equipment is now manufactured domestically, reducing reliance on imports.
• A strong industrial base includes 16 DPSUs, 430 licensed companies, and 16,000 MSMEs.
• Private sector contribution to defence production stands at 21%, driving innovation.
• India aims for ₹3 lakh crore in defence production by 2029, reinforcing its status as a global manufacturing hub.

Unprecedented Growth in Defence Exports

• India’s growing presence in global defence manufacturing is a direct outcome of its push for self-reliance and strategic policy interventions. Defence exports have surged from ₹686 crore in FY 2013-14 to ₹21,083 crore in FY 2023-24, marking a remarkable 30-fold increase over the decade.

Key Highlights

• Massive Growth in Exports: Defence exports have grown 21 times, rising from ₹4,312 crore in the 2004-14 decade to ₹88,319 crore in 2014-24, positioning India as a major global supplier.
• Year-on-Year Surge: Exports increased by 32.5% from ₹15,920 crore in FY 2022-23 to ₹21,083 crore in FY 2023-24.
• Diverse Export Portfolio: India now supplies bulletproof jackets, Dornier (Do-228) aircraft, Chetak helicopters, fast interceptor boats, and lightweight torpedoes to various countries.
• Global Reach: Indian-made boots from Bihar are now part of the Russian Army’s gear, showcasing high manufacturing standards.
• Expanding Market: India exports defence equipment to over 100 nations, with the USA, France, and Armenia as top buyers in 2023-24.
• Future Target: The government aims for ₹50,000 crore in defence exports by 2029, strengthening India’s role in global defence manufacturing.

Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)

• Launched in April 2018, Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) has fostered a thriving ecosystem for defence and aerospace innovation. Engaging startups, MSMEs, R&D institutes, and academia, the initiative provides grants of up to ₹1.5 crore for technology development.
• To further boost self-reliance, ₹449.62 crore has been allocated to iDEX and its sub-scheme Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX (ADITI) for 2025-26.

As of February 2025:

• 549 problem statements have been issued.
• 619 startups and MSMEs are engaged in defence innovation.
• 430 contracts have been signed under iDEX.

Key Objectives

• Accelerate the development of new, indigenous defence and aerospace technologies.
• Foster engagement with startups to drive co-creation in defence innovation.
• Strengthen a culture of technology co-innovation within the sector.

The ADITI scheme focuses on strategic technologies such as satellite communication, cyber defence, AI, quantum technology, autonomous weapons, semiconductors, and underwater surveillance. Under this scheme, grants of up to ₹25 crore are available.

• To support startups and MSMEs, the Ministry of Defence has approved:
• Procurement of 43 items worth ₹2,400 crore from iDEX startups.
• Projects worth ₹1,500 crore for further development.

SAMARTHYA: Showcasing India’s Defence Indigenisation

Aero India 2025’s SAMARTHYA event highlighted India’s progress in defence manufacturing, featuring 33 major indigenised items, including:

• Electro Block of Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun
• Electric Mobile Part for Submarines
• Torsion Bar Suspension for HMV 6×6
• Extruded Aluminium Alloy for LCA MK-I/II and LCH
• Naval Anti-Ship Missile (Short Range)
• RudraM II Missile
• DIFM R118 Electronic Warfare Systems
• Additionally, the event showcased breakthroughs in AI-driven analytics, next-generation surveillance, quantum-secure communication, and counter-drone measures. Innovations like 4G/LTE TAC-LAN, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems, Smart Compressed Breathing Apparatus, and Autonomous Systems highlight India’s technological advancements.
• With a strong focus on multi-domain operations and data-centric warfare, SAMARTHYA underscores India’s ability to bridge operational challenges with homegrown solutions. It stands as a testament to India’s commitment to self-reliance, ensuring cutting-edge defence capabilities for national security.

Advancing Self-Reliance in Defence Manufacturing

• India’s push for self-reliance in defence has significantly reduced its dependence on foreign suppliers. Strategic policies and indigenous innovation are driving the development of advanced military platforms, strengthening both national security and economic growth.

Self-Reliant Initiatives through Joint Action (SRIJAN)

• Launched by the Department of Defence Production (DDP) in August 2020 under Atmanirbhar Bharat, SRIJAN promotes indigenisation by facilitating domestic manufacturing of imported defence items.
• Provides a common platform for Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) and Armed Forces (SHQs) to list imported items for local production.
• As of February 2025, over 38,000 items have been listed, with more than 14,000 successfully indigenised.

Positive Indigenisation Lists (PILs)

• The DDP and the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) have introduced five Positive Indigenisation Lists (PILs) for defence components, sub-systems, and high-end materials.
• Procurement of listed items will be restricted to domestic manufacturers beyond fixed timelines.
• Of the 5,500+ items listed, more than 3,000 have been indigenised as of February 2025.
• Key indigenised defence technologies include artillery guns, assault rifles, corvettes, sonar systems, light combat helicopters (LCHs), radars, rockets, and armoured platforms.

Defence Industrial Corridors

• To boost domestic defence production, two Defence Industrial Corridors (DICs) have been established in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, offering incentives for industry investment.
• Uttar Pradesh DIC (Agra, Aligarh, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Kanpur, Lucknow) has attracted ₹8,658 crore in investments.
• Tamil Nadu DIC (Chennai, Coimbatore, Hosur, Salem, Tiruchirappalli) has also secured major investments.
• As of February 2025, 253 MoUs have been signed, with a potential investment of ₹53,439 crore.

Enhancing Ease of Doing Business (EoDB)

• The government has introduced key reforms to streamline defence manufacturing and exports:
• Extended validity of export authorisation for parts and components until order completion.
• Streamlined Defence Product List in 2019, reducing the number of items requiring manufacturing licences.
• De-licensing of defence parts and components in 2019 to attract investment.
• Extended defence licence validity from 3 years to 15 years, with an option to extend up to 18 years.
• 700+ industrial licences issued to 436 companies in the defence sector.
• Digital export authorisation system introduced, with over 1,500 authorisations issued in the last financial year.

MAKE Projects: Driving Indigenous Defence Innovation

• The MAKE initiative, introduced in the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP-2006), promotes indigenous defence design and development. Revisions in 2016, 2018, and 2020 have streamlined the process, accelerating the development of defence systems and components.

Categories of MAKE Projects

MAKE-I (Government Funded)

• 70% government funding for prototype development (capped at ₹250 crore per project).
• Requires minimum 50% Indigenous Content (IC).

MAKE-II (Industry Funded)

• Focuses on import substitution, encouraging private industry to develop critical defence systems.
• No government funding, but 50% Indigenous Content (IC) required.

MAKE-III (Manufactured in India through Technology Transfer – ToT)

• Involves manufacturing in India under Technology Transfer (ToT) from foreign OEMs.
• No indigenous design and development, but requires minimum 60% Indigenous Content (IC).

Key Achievements

• As of March 2025, 145 projects have been undertaken under the MAKE initiative, with 171 industries participating.
• These include:

1) 40 MAKE-I projects (Government Funded)

2) 101 MAKE-II projects (Industry Funded)

3) 4 MAKE-III projects (Manufacturing through ToT)

Key Initiatives Driving Defence Self-Reliance

• The Indian government has introduced several transformative initiatives to enhance defence production, attract investment, and streamline procurement. These measures reflect a strong commitment to self-reliance (Atmanirbharta) and strengthening India’s defence industrial base.

Major Government Initiatives

• Liberalized FDI Policy: In September 2020, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in defence was liberalized, allowing up to 74% FDI through the automatic route and above 74% through government approval. Since April 2000, total FDI in the sector has reached ₹5,516.16 crore.
• TATA Aircraft Complex: Inaugurated in Vadodara (October 2024), this facility will manufacture C-295 aircraft, reinforcing Make in India with 40 indigenous aircraft under a 56-aircraft programme.
• Manthan (Aero India 2025): Held in Bengaluru, this annual defence innovation event brought together startups, MSMEs, academia, investors, and industry leaders, showcasing India’s growing capabilities in defence technology.
• Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme (DTIS): Aims to boost indigenisation by funding eight Greenfield testing and certification facilities for aerospace and defence. Seven test centres are already approved, covering unmanned aerial systems, electronic warfare, electro-optics, and communications.
• Priority for Domestic Procurement: Under the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP)-2020, preference is given to capital procurement from domestic manufacturers, reducing reliance on imports.
• Domestic Procurement Allocation: In the current financial year, ₹1,11,544 crore—75% of the modernisation budget—has been earmarked for procurement from Indian industries.

Conclusion

• India’s rapid advancements in defence production and exports highlight its transformation into a self-reliant, globally competitive defence hub. Strategic policy interventions, increased domestic participation, and a focus on indigenous innovation have significantly strengthened national security.
• The surge in exports and the success of initiatives like Make in India reinforce India’s commitment to Atmanirbharta. With ambitious targets set for 2029, India is poised to expand its global footprint as a trusted defence partner, driving both economic growth and security.

5) India’s Commitment to Women’s Safety

GS 2: Society: Creating a secure environment for women

Context

• Women today are breaking barriers and excelling in all sectors, from business and politics to science and sports. However, true empowerment is only possible when they feel safe and secure in every aspect of life.
• Recognizing this, the Government of India has implemented various measures to enhance women’s safety, including legislative reforms, dedicated helplines, and financial support. These efforts form a multi-faceted approach aimed at creating a secure environment for women across the country.

Nirbhaya Fund

• The Ministry of Women and Child Development is actively working to ensure the safety and security of women. In response to the rising cases of crimes against women, the government established the Nirbhaya Fund to finance safety projects nationwide. A total of Rs 7712.85 crore has been allocated up to the financial year 2024-25, with Rs 5846.08 crore utilized, amounting to nearly 76% of the total allocation.
• This fund supports initiatives such as One Stop Centres (OSCs), the Emergency Response Support System (ERSS-112), Women Helpline (WHL-181), Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs), Anti-Human Trafficking Units (AHTUs), Women Help Desks (WHDs), Cyber Forensic cum Training Labs, Safe City Projects, and safety measures in rail and road transport, along with the Central Victim Compensation Fund (CVCF).

Government Initiatives for Women’s Safety

• One Stop Centres (OSCs) provide integrated support to women facing violence, offering medical assistance, legal aid, psychological counselling, and temporary shelter under one roof. There are currently 812 operational OSCs, which have assisted over 10.80 lakh women since their inception in 2015.
• The 24×7 Women Helpline (181) offers emergency support and referrals for police, hospitals, legal aid, and OSCs. Launched in 2018 under the Universalization of Women Helpline Scheme, it ensures continuous assistance until a survivor’s issue is resolved. The Sakhi Dashboard updates and regular feedback mechanisms help track cases effectively.
• The Emergency Response Support System (ERSS-112) is an integrated service that consolidates all emergency numbers under one platform. Accessible through calls, SMS, email, SOS signals, or the ERSS web portal, it allows real-time tracking of emergency vehicles. The ‘112 India’ mobile app enables users to send alert messages with location data for swift assistance. Each State/UT capital has a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) to coordinate rescue operations.
• The SHe-Box Portal, launched by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, serves as a single-window platform for workplace sexual harassment complaints. It is accessible to all women, regardless of their work sector. Once a complaint is filed, it is automatically forwarded to the appropriate authority for necessary action, ensuring swift redressal and accountability.
• Women Help Desks (WHDs) in police stations, supported by the Nirbhaya Fund, aim to make law enforcement more accessible and responsive. A total of 14,658 WHDs have been established, of which 13,743 are headed by women police officers, making police stations more approachable for women.

Psychosocial Support & Awareness

• Violence against women, including domestic and intimate partner violence, can lead to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, PTSD, and suicidal tendencies. While government initiatives address physical and sexual violence, psychological support is equally crucial.
• Project Stree Manoraksha, launched by NIMHANS and supported by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, focuses on trauma-informed mental health care in OSCs. This initiative trains counsellors, caseworkers, administrators, paralegal and paramedical staff, and security personnel to provide culturally sensitive and effective interventions for women facing violence.

Legal Provisions to Safeguard Women’s Security

• The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) compiles crime data to support a data-driven approach in tackling safety concerns. The government has also implemented several critical laws to protect women.
• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 introduced stringent penalties for sexual offenses, including the death penalty for the rape of girls below 18 years of age. It also increased minimum sentences for rape and expanded the definition of sexual offenses. Fast Track Special Courts (FTSCs), including exclusive POCSO Courts, have been established to expedite cases related to rape and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act.
• The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA) defines domestic violence as any act harming a woman’s physical or mental health or endangering her safety, including harassment for unlawful demands. The NFHS-5 (2019-2021) report indicates that spousal violence among married women (18-49 years) declined from 31.2% (2015-16) to 29.3%.
• The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 criminalizes dowry transactions and harassment related to dowry under laws like the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and PWDVA. If a woman dies under unnatural circumstances within seven years of marriage due to dowry harassment, it is considered dowry death, carrying severe legal consequences.
• The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 aims to prevent human trafficking and sexual exploitation for commercial purposes. It prescribes penalties and ensures the rescue and rehabilitation of victims.
• The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (PCMA) was enacted to prevent child marriages, empowering State Governments to appoint Child Marriage Prohibition Officers (CMPOs) to enforce the Act and raise awareness of its harmful effects.
• The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013 applies to all workplaces, requiring establishments with over 10 employees to set up Internal Committees (ICs) and for the government to establish Local Committees (LCs) for smaller organizations. The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) oversees implementation, and the SHe-Box portal, launched in 2024, has received nine complaints so far. Inquiries under the Act must be completed within 90 days to ensure timely justice.

Conclusion

• The Government of India has taken significant steps to enhance women’s safety and security through legal measures, financial allocations, and support services. While these efforts provide physical and legal protection, a greater focus on psychological well-being is necessary.
• Initiatives like Project Stree Manoraksha aim to address this gap by offering trauma-informed mental health care. A multi-pronged approach integrating law enforcement, helplines, rehabilitation, and mental health support is crucial to creating a safer and more empowering environment for women in India.

6) Release of “Energy Statistics India 2025”

GS 3: Economy: India’s energy statistics

Why is it in the news?

• The National Statistics Office (NSO), under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, has released its annual publication, Energy Statistics India 2025.
• This comprehensive report presents key data on India’s energy reserves, capacity, production, consumption, and trade across various commodities like coal, petroleum, natural gas, and renewables.

Key Highlights

• Growth in Energy Supply & Consumption: India’s Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) grew by 7.8% in FY 2023-24, reaching 9,03,158 KToE, reflecting a steady recovery from the pandemic.
• Renewable Energy Potential: As of March 31, 2024, India’s renewable energy potential stands at 21,09,655 MW, with Wind Power (55%), Solar Energy, and Large Hydro being the primary contributors. Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka account for over 50% of this potential.
• Growth in Renewable Energy Capacity: Installed capacity for renewable electricity generation has increased from 81,593 MW (2015) to 1,98,213 MW (2024), achieving a CAGR of 10.36%.
• Increase in Renewable Electricity Generation: Generation from renewables rose from 2,05,608 GWh (2014-15) to 3,70,320 GWh (2023-24), marking a CAGR of 6.76%.
• Rising Per-Capita Energy Consumption: Per capita energy consumption increased from 14,682 MJ/person (2014-15) to 18,410 MJ/person (2023-24), with a CAGR of 2.55%.
• Reduced Transmission & Distribution (T&D) Losses: T&D losses declined from 23% (2014-15) to 17% (2023-24), improving efficiency.
• Sector-Wise Energy Consumption: The Industry sector saw the highest expansion, with consumption rising from 2,42,418 KToE (2014-15) to 3,11,822 KToE (2023-24). Other sectors, including commercial, residential, and agriculture, also showed consistent growth.

7) Sarhul Festival: Celebrating Nature, Culture, and Identity

GS 1: Culture and History: Sarhul festival

Why is it in the news?

• Adivasis in Jharkhand and the Chhotanagpur region to celebrate Sarhul, marking the arrival of the new year and spring. This festival is deeply embedded in the cultural traditions of indigenous communities and reflects their strong connection with nature.

Nature Worship and Symbolism

• Sarhul, meaning “worship of the Sal tree,” is among the most significant Adivasi festivals, symbolizing the bond between humans and nature. The Sal tree (Shorea robusta) is revered as the abode of Sarna Maa, the village deity who protects against natural calamities.
• The festival also represents the cosmic union of the Sun and the Earth. The village priest (pahan) plays the role of the Sun, while his wife (pahen) represents the Earth.
• According to priest Bandhan Tigga, this union is fundamental to life, as the combination of sunlight and soil sustains all existence. Only after the completion of Sarhul rituals do Adivasi communities commence ploughing, sowing, or gathering forest produce.

Three-Day Festival and Sacred Rituals

• Sarhul is a three-day festival, with the most important rituals taking place on the second day at Sarna Sthals—sacred groves protected by the community. These groves are found across Chhotanagpur, which includes Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Bihar.
• In preparation for the festival, homes and Sarna Sthals are adorned with red and white triangular Sarna flags. On the first day, the village pahan, who observes a strict fast, fetches ceremonial water, while houses and Sarna Sthals are cleaned, and Sal flowers are collected for the rituals.
• The second day is the most significant, with the main rituals taking place at the Sarna Sthal. The deity is honored with offerings of Sal flowers, and a rooster is sacrificed as a prayer for prosperity, safety, and a good harvest.
• Holy water is then sprinkled throughout the village. Traditional songs and dances such as Jadur, Gena, and Por Jadur are performed, and young men participate in ceremonial fishing and crab-catching to prepare food for the feast.
• The final day of Sarhul is marked by a grand community feast, where villagers share handia (rice beer) and various delicacies. The festival concludes with prayers and blessings from the pahan.

Sarhul in Chhotanagpur and Beyond

• Sarhul is celebrated by several Adivasi tribes, including the Oraon, Munda, Santal, Khadia, and Ho, each of whom have unique names and customs associated with the festival.
• According to anthropologist Sarat Chandra Roy, in his 1928 work Oraon Religion and Customs, Sarhul originally revolved around hunting but gradually evolved into an agricultural festival, reflecting the shifting lifestyles of Adivasi communities.

• During the 19th and early 20th centuries, when tribes such as the Munda, Oraon, and Santal were taken to distant places as indentured laborers, they carried the festival with them. Today, Sarhul is

  celebrated in regions far beyond Chhotanagpur, including Assam’s tea gardens, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan.

The Political Evolution of Sarhul

• Sarhul has also become a platform for asserting Adivasi identity. In the 1960s, Adivasi leader Baba Karthik Oraon initiated a Sarhul procession from Hatma to the Siram Toli Sarna Sthal in Ranchi, advocating for social justice and the preservation of tribal culture.
• Over the past six decades, these processions have grown in scale and significance, making Sarhul a major occasion for cultural and political expression.

Religious Identity and the Sarna Faith Debate

• The festival has also gained political importance, particularly in the debate over Adivasi religious identity. Many Adivasis practicing the Sarna faith have demanded the inclusion of a separate Sarna religion column in India’s caste census over the last two decades. However, certain Adivasi groups affiliated with the RSS argue that Adivasis are part of Hinduism.
• Geet Shree Oraon, national women’s president of the Akhil Bharatiya Adivasi Vikas Parishad, highlighted how Hindu groups once promoted the slogan “Sarna-Sanatani Ek Hai” (Sarna and Sanatanis are one) to emphasize shared religious identities. The debate over Sarhul’s religious affiliation continues, with the festival serving as a symbol of both cultural heritage and political assertion.

Conclusion

• Sarhul is more than just a festival; it is a reflection of Adivasi heritage, their deep-rooted environmental consciousness, and an evolving assertion of identity. As the festival gains prominence in political and cultural discourse, it continues to be a crucial marker of Adivasi traditions and their place in modern India.

8) Air Force to Participate in Multi-Nation Air Exercise INIOCHOS-25

GS 3: Defence: Air exercises

About the news

• The Indian Air Force (IAF) will take part in Exercise INIOCHOS-25, a multinational air exercise hosted by the Hellenic Air Force at Andravida Air Base, Greece, from March 31 to April 11, 2025. The IAF contingent will include Su-30 MKI fighters along with IL-78 and C-17 aircraft for combat support.
• INIOCHOS, held biennially, brings together air forces from 15 countries to train under realistic combat scenarios, enhancing tactical skills and strengthening military cooperation. The exercise will integrate multiple air and surface assets to simulate modern air warfare challenges.
• For the IAF, this participation offers an opportunity to refine tactics, execute combined air operations, and exchange best practices with global counterparts. Operating from Andravida, the exercise will enhance interoperability, coordination, and mutual learning among the participating nations.

9) Operation Brahma: Indian Army’s Medical Assistance to Myanmar Earthquake Victims

GS 2: International Relations: India commitment towards regional crises

About the news

• In response to the devastating earthquake in Myanmar on March 28, 2025, the Indian Army has launched ‘Operation Brahma’ to provide urgent humanitarian aid. A 118-member medical task force from the elite Shatrujeet Brigade, led by Lieutenant Colonel Jagneet Gill, will soon be deployed with essential medical equipment and supplies.
• The Airborne Angels Task Force, trained for disaster response, will establish a 60-bed Medical Treatment Centre to provide trauma care, emergency surgeries, and essential medical services, supporting Myanmar’s strained healthcare system.
• This mission reinforces India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy and the spirit of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ (the world is one family). Coordinated with the Ministry of External Affairs and Myanmar’s authorities, the operation underscores India’s commitment to being a first responder in regional crises.