1) ESA Retires Gaia: The Cosmic Cartographer

GS 3: Science and Technology: Mapping milky way

Why is it in the news?

• The European Space Agency (ESA) officially shut down its space observatory mission, Gaia, on March 27, marking the end of a decade-long mission that transformed our understanding of the Milky Way. Launched in December 2013, Gaia aimed to create the most precise three-dimensional map of the galaxy.
• Over the years, it recorded 3 trillion observations of 2 billion stars and celestial objects, significantly advancing astronomical research and contributing to at least 13,000 scientific publications.

The Gaia Mission: Mapping the Cosmos

• Gaia, initially named the Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics (GAIA), was specifically designed for astrometry—the precise measurement of celestial objects’ locations and movements.
• Positioned at Lagrange Point 2 (L2), approximately 1.5 million kilometres behind Earth (as viewed from the Sun), it had an unobstructed view of the cosmos, free from interference by the Sun, Moon, or Earth.
• Equipped with twin telescopes and a billion-pixel digital camera, Gaia became the largest space-based camera ever flown. It carried three key instruments—an astrometer, a photometer, and a spectrometer—which helped scientists analyze the motion, brightness, and composition of stars and other celestial bodies.

Transforming Our Understanding of the Milky Way

• Gaia revolutionized our perception of the Milky Way by not only providing a detailed 3D map but also predicting its future evolution. It confirmed that the galaxy has a central bar and spiral arms, appearing as a disc with a bulging centre when viewed from the side.
• However, Gaia also revealed that this disc is not perfectly stable; it is warped and wobbles over time, likely due to collisions with smaller satellite galaxies. According to British astrophysicist Professor Chris Lintott, the ripples from these ancient collisions may have even played a role in the formation of stars, including the Sun.

Discoveries Beyond Stars

• Apart from mapping the Milky Way, Gaia made groundbreaking discoveries, including the identification of a new type of black hole. Traditionally, black holes were detected by the light emitted from matter falling into them, but Gaia uncovered “truly black” holes that could only be identified through their gravitational influence.
• Additionally, the spacecraft detected over 150,000 asteroids, tracking their orbits and identifying those that could pose a threat to Earth in the future.

Gaia’s Legacy: Data Still to be Analyzed

• Despite its retirement, Gaia’s contributions to astronomy are far from over. A vast amount of its data is still being processed by scientists at ESA, with new discoveries expected in the coming years.
• The next major data release, scheduled for next year, will cover the mission’s first five and a half years, while another release is planned by the end of this decade.
• Even though Gaia mapped only about 2% of the estimated 100 billion stars in the Milky Way, its findings have laid the foundation for future space missions to continue unravelling the mysteries of our galaxy.

2) The Flawed Push for a Third Language

GS 2: Polity and Governance: NEP’s three language formula

Context

• Effective policymaking relies on data, research, and statistical analysis rather than ideology or political convenience. However, the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020’s push for a third language in schools lacks evidence-based justification.
• Instead of addressing real educational needs, it imposes an additional language requirement without clear benefits.

A Perspective

India’s Struggles with Language Proficiency

• Global assessments such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) highlight India’s educational weaknesses. In 2009, India ranked 73rd out of 74 countries, performing poorly in reading, math, and science. Domestic surveys also paint a grim picture.
• The National Achievement Survey (NAS) in 2017 found that only 48% of Class 8 students could read a simple paragraph in their regional language or Hindi, and only 42% had a good grasp of grammar.
• English proficiency was equally poor, with the 2016 ASER report revealing that 73.8% of Class 8 students couldn’t read simple English sentences. By 2022, this figure remained at 53.3%. Given these challenges, enforcing a third language when students struggle with two is counterproductive.

The Cognitive Burden of a Third Language

• Research in The Cambridge Handbook of Third Language Acquisition suggests that adding a third language increases cognitive load, especially if students have weak proficiency in their first (L1) and second (L2) languages. Cross-linguistic interference may lead to confusion in grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary.
• Furthermore, learning outcomes depend on language similarity—Indo-Aryan language speakers (Marathi, Punjabi, Odia) find it easier to learn Hindi as L3, whereas Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic, and Sino-Tibetan speakers face greater difficulties. NEP 2020 fails to acknowledge these linguistic complexities.

Financial and Logistical Challenges

• Public schools lack the resources to effectively teach three languages. Hiring qualified teachers, printing textbooks, and implementing technology for multiple languages require substantial investment, especially in rural areas. Additionally, NEP 2020’s promise of “language choice” is impractical.
• In a Tamil Nadu school where students request different third languages—Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi, or Sanskrit—it is impossible to accommodate all preferences. As a result, schools may be forced to offer Hindi or Sanskrit, indirectly promoting them over regional languages.

The Role of AI in Language Learning

• Instead of enforcing outdated multilingual education policies, India should explore AI-powered translation tools that instantly translate text, images, and audio. AI-driven learning could allow students to acquire additional languages flexibly, without burdening schools with impractical classroom instruction requirements.
• While English and regional languages should be taught traditionally, AI can supplement third-language learning at a lower cost.

The Global Shift Toward English

• Despite its emphasis on Indian languages, NEP 2020 dedicates more attention to Sanskrit—an ancient but economically non-viable language—than English.
• Meanwhile, countries like China, Japan, Russia, and Brazil actively promote English to compete in global education, science, and technology. India risks falling behind if it deprioritizes English in favour of linguistic nationalism.

Lessons from Singapore’s Bilingual Model

• Singapore’s first Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew, rejected Mandarin as the sole national language despite pressure from the Chinese majority. Instead, he adopted English as the primary language for education and business, while students learned their mother tongue as a second language.
• This bilingual policy ensured social cohesion, cultural preservation, and economic prosperity. Today, Singapore’s education system ranks among the world’s best, with consistent top PISA rankings.

The Myth of Hindi as a National Unifier

• Hindi is spoken by 43.63% of Indians, but this figure is inflated by classifying 53 distinct languages as Hindi dialects. The true number of Hindi speakers is closer to 25%. Additionally, Census 2011 data reveals that 95.28% of Indians never migrate outside their home state, meaning most citizens primarily use their regional language.
• Imposing Hindi as a national lingua franca contradicts India’s linguistic diversity. Historian John Keay argues that India’s flexible language policies have preserved unity, unlike Pakistan, where Urdu imposition fuelled separatism.

Pragmatic Language Policies for India

• NEP 2020’s rigid three-language formula ignores India’s economic realities. Tamil Nadu’s successful two-language policy since 1968, emphasizing English and Tamil, has contributed to its economic growth and higher literacy rates compared to Hindi-speaking states.
• Instead of enforcing a third language, India should prioritize English for global competitiveness and regional languages for cultural identity. The future of education lies in evidence-based policymaking, not linguistic nationalism.

3) Abortion Rights in India: Legal Complexities, Ethical Dilemmas, and Foetal Viability

GS 2: Society: Right to safe and legal abortion

Why is it in the news?

• The Supreme Court of India ruled that all women, regardless of marital status, have the right to safe and legal abortion up to 24 weeks of gestation. This judgment struck down the distinction between married and unmarried women under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act. While this was a progressive step, societal attitudes toward abortion remain conservative.
• Studies show that most women do not view abortion as a form of family planning and consider it a last resort rather than a first choice. Despite this, abortion providers often perceive women seeking the procedure as uninformed beneficiaries, adding to the stigma surrounding reproductive rights.

Ethical Dilemmas Faced by Doctors

• Many doctors express discomfort with performing abortions, often equating the procedure with moral wrongdoing. Instances of providers muttering remarks like “making me a culprit in her crime” while conducting abortions highlight the deep-seated ethical conflicts within the medical community.
• This moral struggle intensifies as gestational age increases, with late-term abortions drawing the strongest opposition. The reluctance of some doctors to perform abortions affects the quality of care provided, reinforcing negative perceptions about reproductive rights.

Foetal Viability and Legal Uncertainty

• One of the most debated aspects of abortion laws worldwide is foetal viability—the stage at which a foetus can survive outside the womb. However, no universal definition exists, and viability is determined by medical advancements and available healthcare facilities.
• While the foetus’ right to life strengthens as pregnancy progresses, this ambiguity fuels legal and ethical disputes. India, despite its restrictive abortion laws, has been more progressive than countries like the U.S., where Roe v. Wade was overturned.
• The 2021 amendment to the MTP Act extended abortion rights from 20 to 24 weeks, acknowledging the reproductive autonomy of unmarried women.

Medicolegal Barriers and Post-24-Week Abortion Restrictions

• Beyond 24 weeks, abortions are allowed only in exceptional cases, such as foetal abnormalities incompatible with life or severe risks to the pregnant person’s health. The law mandates that these cases be reviewed by a medical board.
• Obstetricians often struggle with decisions where a foetus has a severe condition but is still technically viable. For example, foetuses with thalassemia may have a limited life expectancy, but if the condition is medically manageable, abortions are often denied.
• The law prioritizes the sanctity of life over its quality, complicating decision-making for doctors and patients alike.

Complex Cases and Legal Precedents

• Cases involving late-term abortions often highlight the limitations of the legal system in addressing individual circumstances. In 2023, a 27-year-old mother of two, suffering from postpartum depression and unaware of her pregnancy until nearly 25 weeks, sought an abortion.
• A medical board initially approved the procedure, but later reversed its decision, citing the need to either induce preterm delivery or “stop the heartbeat.” The court ultimately ruled against the abortion, forcing her to carry the pregnancy to term.
• This case underscored how legal and moral considerations often override a woman’s mental and physical well-being, setting a precedent that restricts reproductive autonomy.

Challenges in Late-Term Abortions

• Many late-term abortion requests come from survivors of sexual assault, particularly minors who are unaware of their pregnancies until advanced stages. While India has strong legislation allowing abortions up to 20 weeks and in special cases up to 24 weeks, post-24-week terminations remain highly restricted.
• Even when courts grant permission, procedural delays often push pregnancies beyond legally permitted limits. The legal subjectivity surrounding these cases deepens the challenges faced by pregnant individuals seeking termination.

The Impact of Neonatal Medicine Advancements

• The 24-week limit on abortions is based on the theoretical concept of viability. However, medical advancements continue to push the limits of neonatal care, allowing foetuses to survive at even earlier stages.
• If viability becomes the legal benchmark for abortion rights, further developments in neonatal medicine may lead to additional restrictions on reproductive rights. This raises concerns about whether abortion laws should evolve based on medical progress rather than ethical considerations and bodily autonomy.

Ethical Considerations in Medical Decision-Making

• The principle of primum non nocere or “first, do no harm” is fundamental in medical ethics. Ideally, this principle should prioritize the rights and well-being of the pregnant individual over the potential life of the foetus. However, legal restrictions and moral dilemmas often complicate this approach.
• Doctors must weigh the risks of continuing a pregnancy against those of performing a late-term abortion. In some cases, abortions are denied due to the potential harm to the pregnant individual, even when carrying the pregnancy to term poses equal or greater risks. This reinforces the perception that foetal life is prioritized over maternal health.

The Role of the MTP Act and Its Limitations

• It is important to note that the MTP Act does not grant abortion on request but serves as an exception to India’s strict laws against abortion. This legal framework is designed to protect both patients and providers, but it also places doctors in a position where they must prioritize legal safeguards over patient autonomy.
• Many medical practitioners request consent not only as a procedural necessity but also to protect themselves from potential legal repercussions. This cautious approach further restricts access to abortion services, particularly for unmarried women and marginalized communities.

The Future of Abortion Rights in India

• India’s legal stance on abortion has evolved, but significant barriers remain. The Supreme Court’s ruling granting abortion rights to unmarried women was a major step forward, yet post-24-week restrictions and the influence of moral subjectivity continue to challenge reproductive rights.
• To ensure access to safe and legal abortions, laws must be based on medical evidence and individual rights rather than evolving definitions of viability. Ethical considerations should focus on minimizing harm to the pregnant individual, reinforcing the principle that reproductive rights are an essential part of bodily autonomy.

4) R K Shriramkumar: Guardian of Carnatic Tradition Honoured with Sangita Kalanidhi

GS 1: Culture and History: Contributions towards Carnatic music

Why is it in the news?

• The Music Academy, Chennai, has selected violinist and composer Rudrapatna Krishnamurthy Shriramkumar for the prestigious Sangita Kalanidhi Award this year.
• Music Academy president N Murali highlighted Shriramkumar’s expertise on the 19th-century composer Subbarama Dikshitar, nephew of the renowned Muthuswami Dikshitar—one of the trinity of Carnatic music along with Tyagaraja and Syama Sastri.
• This recognition is particularly significant as it coincides with the 250th anniversary of Muthuswami Dikshitar.

Artistic Style and Musical Excellence

• Shriramkumar made his debut at the age of 15. His music is characterized by a deep understanding of Carnatic tradition, precise tonality, and a unique ability to bring out the essence of a raga in both improvisation and composition.
• Renowned Carnatic musician T M Krishna, last year’s Sangita Kalanidhi recipient, described Shriramkumar’s violin technique as highly nuanced. He noted the violinist’s subtle variations and oscillations, which add depth to his interpretations.
• Krishna emphasized that Shriramkumar’s sensitivity to sound and respect for tradition make his music stand out, evoking strong emotions while maintaining authenticity.

The Sangita Kalanidhi Award and Music Academy

• The Sangita Kalanidhi title, meaning “Treasure of Music and Art,” is the highest recognition in Carnatic music, awarded annually by the Madras Music Academy.
• The Academy, founded in 1928 following a resolution at the Indian National Congress session in Chennai, has played a crucial role in promoting Carnatic music and Bharatanatyam.
• The award honours musicians who have made significant contributions to the field, and Shriramkumar’s selection is a tribute to his deep knowledge, technical excellence, and dedication to preserving the essence of Carnatic music.
• His journey exemplifies a blend of tradition and innovation, ensuring that the rich heritage of Carnatic music continues to thrive for future generations.

5) The Rise of India’s Bioeconomy

GS 2: Polity and Governance: India’s bioeconomy

Context

• India’s bioeconomy has witnessed remarkable growth, expanding sixteen-fold from $10 billion in 2014 to $165.7 billion in 2024. This rapid expansion highlights the nation’s commitment to biotechnology as a driver of sustainable economic development.
• Contributing 4.25% to the national GDP, the sector has achieved a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.9% over the past four years.
• With an ambitious target of $300 billion by 2030, the bioeconomy is set to play a crucial role in India’s transition towards a knowledge-driven and bio-enabled economy. The bioeconomy utilizes renewable biological resources to produce food, energy, and industrial goods, fostering sustainability and economic resilience.
• Innovations such as gene editing and bioprinting, along with integration across sectors, enhance long-term impact by aligning biotechnology with digital tools and circular economy principles.

India’s Vision for a Thriving Bioeconomy

• India’s bioeconomy vision is anchored in innovation, sustainability, and inclusive development. The country aims to become a global hub for bio-manufacturing, supported by a strong R&D framework, cutting-edge technology, and a skilled workforce.
• The focus is on fostering a resilient industrial ecosystem that accelerates biotech product commercialization while creating opportunities in both urban and rural areas. India also aspires to lead globally in bio-pharma, particularly in vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
• This vision aligns with the broader India@2047 goals, emphasizing sustainability, economic self-reliance, and green growth.

BioE3 Policy: Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment

• The BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment, and Employment) Policy, approved by the Union Cabinet on 24th August 2024, represents a major milestone in India’s biotechnology landscape. It aims to establish India as a global biotech powerhouse by fostering high-performance biomanufacturing and addressing critical economic, environmental, and employment challenges.
• The policy promotes a shift from chemical-based industries to bio-based models, advancing a circular bioeconomy and contributing to India’s net-zero carbon goals. Key initiatives under the policy include advanced biomanufacturing facilities, bio-foundry clusters, and bio-AI hubs to support bio-based product commercialization.
• Additionally, it focuses on job creation in tier-II and tier-III cities by leveraging local biomass, ensuring ethical biosafety, and aligning with global regulatory standards to enhance India’s biotech competitiveness.

Key Features

• Innovation-driven support for R&D and entrepreneurship.
• Development of Biomanufacturing & Bio-AI hubs and Biofoundry.
• Emphasis on regenerative bioeconomy models for sustainable growth.
• Expansion of India’s skilled workforce.
• Alignment with ‘Net Zero’ goals and ‘Lifestyle for Environment’ (LiFE) initiatives.

National Biopharma Mission: Strengthening India’s Biopharma Sector

• The National Biopharma Mission (NBM)-Innovate in India (i3), led by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and implemented by BIRAC, aims to advance India’s capabilities in biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, biosimilars, medical devices, and diagnostics.
• With a budget of $250 million, co-funded 50% by the World Bank, the mission supports 101 projects involving over 150 organizations and 30 MSMEs. It has established 11 shared facilities for testing, validation, and manufacturing, benefiting start-ups and MSMEs. These include GCLP labs for vaccine testing, GLP labs for biosimilar analysis, and cGMP facilities for manufacturing.
• The mission has also created over 1,000 jobs, including 304 positions for scientists and researchers. Additionally, the Genome India Programme, which involves sequencing 10,000 genomes, is set to shape global healthcare strategies by enhancing treatment and preventive approaches.

Key Achievements in India’s Pharma Sector

• India has become a global leader in affordable, high-quality medicines, ranking 3rd in pharmaceutical production by volume and 14th by value. It developed the world’s first DNA vaccine for COVID-19, highlighting its innovation in global health.
• Producing 65% of the world’s vaccines, India plays a crucial role in supporting low- and middle-income countries. The “Make in India” initiative is strengthening domestic API manufacturing, reducing import dependency. The industry has evolved from a generic-focused model to biopharmaceuticals and biosimilars.
• India is also developing its first indigenous HPV vaccine to prevent cervical cancer. Notably, one in three tablets consumed globally is made in India, reflecting strong global trust in its pharma sector.

Bio-Agriculture: Advancing Sustainable Farming

India’s agricultural biotechnology is progressing rapidly through innovations in genomics, transgenics, and gene editing under the Department of Biotechnology’s Agriculture Biotechnology programme.

• Climate-Smart Crops: The drought-tolerant, high-yielding chickpea variety SAATVIK (NC 9) has been approved for cultivation.
• Genome-Edited Rice: Loss-of-function mutations in yield-limiting genes have improved rice varieties like DEP1-edited MTU-1010, resulting in higher yields.
• Genotyping Arrays: India’s first 90K SNP arrays—IndRA for rice and IndCA for chickpea—enable DNA fingerprinting and variety identification.
• Amaranth Research: A genomic database, NIRS techniques, and a 64K SNP chip support nutritional screening and the development of anti-obesity amaranth varieties.
• Biocontrol Innovation: A nano-formulation from Myrothecium verrucaria provides eco-friendly control of powdery mildew in tomatoes and grapes.
• Farmer Safety: The Kisan-Kavach anti-pesticide protective suit enhances protection against toxic exposure.

Biotech-KISAN: Empowering Farmers Through Innovation

• The Biotech-KISAN (Biotech-Krishi Innovation Science Application Network) programme bridges the gap between scientists and farmers, focusing on rural and tribal communities, particularly women farmers. Operating under a hub-and-spoke model, the initiative is active across 115 Aspirational Districts.

State-wise impact

• In Chhattisgarh’s Bastar region, bio-fortified rice has increased farmer income by 40-50%, benefiting 2,173 farmers.
• In West Bengal, 37,552 farmers (including 28,756 women) have received training in 14 scientific farming practices, leading to the formation of 14 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) and 134 Farmer Interest Groups (FIGs).
• In Madhya Pradesh, 67,630 farmers have adopted new technologies across eight districts.
• In Jharkhand’s Deoghar district, cocoon and compost production has surged by 69-100%, covering 2,100 families.
• Meghalaya and Sikkim have witnessed an 18-20% increase in maize, turmeric, and tomato yields, with a 50% reduction in pest incidence.

Bioenergy: Driving Renewable Energy Transition

• India’s bioenergy sector is significantly contributing to the bioeconomy by reducing dependency on fossil fuels. Ethanol blending has risen from 1.53% in 2014 to 15% in 2024, with a target of 20% by 2025. This initiative has saved Rs. 99,014 crores in foreign exchange and reduced crude oil imports by 173 lakh metric tons while cutting CO₂ emissions by 519 lakh metric tons.
• Economic benefits include Rs. 1,45,930 crores disbursed to distillers and Rs. 87,558 crores to farmers, strengthening agro-industry linkages. The introduction of E100 fuel at over 400 outlets and E20 fuel at over 15,600 retail stations supports fuel diversification. Second-generation ethanol refineries converting agricultural residues like Parali and bamboo into fuel further reinforce sustainability and circular economy principles.
• Bioenergy is a renewable energy source derived from recently living organic materials, known as biomass. It is used to produce transportation fuels, heat, electricity, and various products.

Boosting Biotech Innovation Through BIRAC Initiatives

• The Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), established by DBT in 2012, is instrumental in fostering India’s biotech startup ecosystem. With 95 bio-incubation centers nationwide, BIRAC provides funding, infrastructure, and mentorship to startups.

Key schemes include:

• Biotechnology Ignition Grant (BIG): Provides up to ₹50 lakh for 18 months to support early-stage startups, benefiting nearly 1,000 innovators.
• SEED Fund: Offers ₹30 lakh in equity support for proof-of-concept stage startups.
• LEAP Fund: Grants ₹100 lakh in equity support for commercialization-ready innovations.
• जनCARE – Amrit Grand Challenge: Supported 89 digital health tech innovations in AI, ML, telemedicine, and blockchain, focusing on tier-II, tier-III cities, and rural areas.

Towards a Bio-Enabled Future

• India’s bioeconomy stands at a critical juncture, with its integration of innovation, sustainability, and inclusive development setting a global benchmark. Through strong policy frameworks, advanced research, and sectoral collaboration, India is poised to reshape its industrial and environmental landscape.
• The convergence of bio-manufacturing, bio-agriculture, and bioenergy strengthens national resilience, positioning India as a leader in the global bioeconomy. This forward-looking approach aligns with the aspirations of India@2047, paving the way for a self-reliant, sustainable, and bio-enabled economy.

6) India’s Deep-Sea Strategy: Economic Potential and Security Imperatives

GS 2: Polity and Governance: Deep-sea capabilities

Why is it in the news?

• India recently completed wet testing of its Matsya-6000 submersible, designed to dive up to 6 km for underwater mineral exploration. The country plans to launch its first deep-sea manned vehicle later this year, joining an elite group of nations with human-operated deep-sea capabilities.
• Meanwhile, China has unveiled a compact deep-sea cable-cutting device capable of severing critical underwater communication and power lines. With China operating the world’s largest fleet of submersibles, deep-sea technology is emerging as a crucial domain for both economic and security interests.

Importance of Deep-Sea Capabilities

• The world’s oceans have gained strategic importance in the past two decades, offering vast economic resources while also becoming potential zones of geopolitical conflicts. As per the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS), a nation’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends 200 nautical miles (about 370 km) from its coast, granting it exclusive rights over resources in this area.
• India’s EEZ has an average depth of 3,741 metres—over four-and-a-half times the height of Burj Khalifa—but remains relatively shallow compared to the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, which extends beyond 10 km.
• Developing deep-sea technology is complex and costly. Underwater communication is affected by hydrological conditions such as temperature, pressure, and salinity, making Very Low Frequency (VLF) and Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) sound technologies essential for deep-sea operations.
• Additionally, oceanic pressure increases by one atmosphere (atm) for every 10 metres of depth. At the seabed of the Indian EEZ, this pressure reaches 380 atm, requiring highly specialized materials for submersibles to withstand these extreme conditions.

Harnessing the Blue Economy

• India must overcome deep-sea challenges to capitalize on the blue economy. The ocean is a vast resource hub, offering fish, minerals, gas hydrates, oil, gas, and nutraceuticals. It also provides oceanographic data critical for climate change research and meteorology. To fully utilize these resources, India needs advancements in hydrographic research, exploration, deep-sea diving, salvage, and submarine rescue capabilities.
• Underwater infrastructure is another key area. More than 95% of intercontinental internet traffic depends on undersea cables, making them essential for digital communication, financial transactions, and economic stability.
• Developing expertise in laying and maintaining these cables is crucial for India’s growing digital economy. Other deep-sea infrastructure includes oil pipelines, mining equipment, and research facilities, all of which require significant technological advancements.

Strategic and Security Considerations

• Beyond economic benefits, deep-sea exploration is vital for national security. The ability to map the ocean floor and maintain underwater domain awareness is crucial for safeguarding maritime interests.
• The emergence of threats like China’s deep-sea cable-cutting device highlights the need for advanced underwater sensors and response mechanisms to counter potential disruptions. Strengthening India’s underwater surveillance and defensive capabilities is essential to ensure maritime security.

Roadmap for Deep-Sea Development

• Developing deep-sea technology requires financial investment, strong research institutions, and a skilled workforce. Countries like China, France, Japan, Norway, Russia, South Korea, and the US have made significant advancements in this field due to sustained investments in deep-sea research and engineering.
• India launched the Deep Ocean Mission under the Ministry of Earth Sciences in 2018, with the Matsya-6000 submersible being one of its key projects. However, India’s overall deep-sea capabilities remain limited, even in areas like deep-sea fishing. To bridge this gap, India must establish centers of excellence in deep-sea research, incentivize innovation, and provide generous funding for oceanographic science and engineering.
• A dedicated Ministry of Ocean Development, led by a cabinet-rank minister, could ensure better coordination of deep-sea initiatives. This ministry should oversee all ocean-related departments and agencies, ensuring accountability and streamlined execution. India should implement well-funded, time-bound projects in a “mission-mode” approach, emphasizing quick approvals and high stakeholder accountability. A ten-year strategic plan can accelerate progress.

Dual-Use Potential of Deep-Sea Technologies

• Deep-sea technology has inherent dual-use applications—equipment designed for research and resource extraction can also serve military functions.
• As India enhances its deep-sea capabilities, it must integrate security considerations into its ocean strategy to prevent potential threats and disruptions. Investing in deep-sea defense technology will strengthen India’s maritime position and safeguard its national interests.

7) Sagarmala Programme: Transforming India’s Maritime Sector

GS 3: Economy: India’s Port-led economic growth

Introduction   

• Launched in March 2015, the Sagarmala Programme is the flagship initiative of the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways, aimed at revolutionizing India’s maritime sector. With a 7,500 km coastline, 14,500 km of navigable waterways, and a strategic position on global trade routes, India has immense potential for port-led economic growth.
• The programme seeks to enhance logistics efficiency, reduce costs, and improve trade competitiveness by shifting from infrastructure-heavy transport to efficient coastal and waterway networks. Key focus areas include port modernization, industrial growth, job creation, and sustainable coastal development, ensuring minimal infrastructure investment while maximizing economic impact.
• The Sagarmala Programme is a crucial pillar of the Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047 (MAKV), positioning India as a global maritime leader. Building upon Maritime India Vision 2030, MAKV targets 4 million GRT of shipbuilding capacity and 10 billion metric tons of port handling annually by 2047.
• Formulated through extensive consultations and analysis of global benchmarks, MAKV outlines 300+ strategic initiatives to develop world-class ports, expand inland waterways, and promote a sustainable Blue Economy. As a key enabler, Sagarmala plays a transformative role in India’s maritime growth trajectory.

Current Status of the Sagarmala Programme

• The Sagarmala Programme has identified 839 projects, estimated at ₹5.79 lakh crore, for implementation by central ministries, IWAI, Indian Railways, NHAI, state governments, major ports, and other agencies. As of March 19, 2025, 272 projects have been completed, accounting for an investment of ₹1.41 lakh crore.

Achievements of the Sagarmala Programme

• The programme has significantly improved port efficiency, coastal economic growth, inland waterways, and India’s global logistics rankings. Coastal shipping has witnessed 118% growth in a decade, Ro-Pax ferries have transported over 40 lakh passengers, and inland waterway cargo movement has surged 700%.
• Nine Indian ports rank among the world’s top 100, with Visakhapatnam in the top 20 container ports. Indian ports now outperform several advanced maritime nations in key metrics.

New Developments in the Sagarmala Programme

Sagarmala 2.0

• To further enhance maritime competitiveness, the Indian government has introduced Sagarmala 2.0, focusing on shipbuilding, repair, recycling, and port modernization. With a ₹40,000 crore budget, the initiative aims to attract ₹12 lakh crore in investments over the next decade.
• By driving infrastructure development and coastal economic growth, Sagarmala 2.0 aligns with Viksit Bharat and Atmanirbhar Bharat 2047, accelerating India’s rise as a global maritime power.

Sagarmala Startup Innovation Initiative (S2I2)

• Launched on March 19, 2025, the Sagarmala Startup Innovation Initiative (S2I2) promotes entrepreneurship and technological advancements in India’s maritime sector.
• S2I2 supports green shipping, smart ports, maritime logistics, shipbuilding technology, and sustainable coastal development by providing funding, mentorship, and industry partnerships.
• Anchored in the RISE framework (Research, Innovation, Startups, and Entrepreneurship), S2I2 strengthens industry competitiveness and fosters a globally competitive maritime ecosystem.

Objectives of the Sagarmala Programme

• With a strategic focus on port modernization, connectivity, industrialization, and skill development, the Sagarmala Programme aims to enhance logistics efficiency, drive economic expansion, and position India as a maritime powerhouse. It has the potential to transform India’s logistics competitiveness and overall economic growth.

Components of the Sagarmala Programme

• The programme is structured around five key pillars and 24 project categories to transform India’s maritime sector. These components aim to modernize ports, improve connectivity, promote industrial development, enhance coastal community welfare, and ensure sustainable growth.

Key Components of the Sagarmala Programme

The Sagarmala Programme is structured around five key pillars and 24 categories, each aimed at transforming India’s maritime sector by improving infrastructure, connectivity, and economic growth.

1) Port Modernization & New Port Development

• This pillar focuses on upgrading existing ports and developing new ones to increase capacity and operational efficiency.
• It addresses infrastructure bottlenecks by incorporating modernization, mechanization, and digitalization in port operations, ensuring faster cargo handling and improved logistics performance.

2) Port Connectivity Enhancement

• Improving connectivity between ports and hinterland is crucial for optimizing cargo movement in terms of time and cost.
• This component promotes the development of multi-modal logistics solutions, including inland waterways, coastal shipping, and road-rail linkages, ensuring seamless transportation and enhanced supply chain efficiency.

3) Port-Led Industrialization

• The programme encourages the establishment of industrial clusters near ports, fostering economic growth and reducing logistics costs.
• These clusters attract industries that benefit from direct port access, boosting manufacturing, exports, and employment while strengthening India’s role in global trade.

4) Coastal Community Development

• This pillar focuses on sustainable development and livelihood opportunities for coastal communities. It includes skill development programs, fisheries support, coastal tourism promotion, and infrastructure improvements, enhancing the well-being and economic resilience of coastal populations.

5) Coastal Shipping & Inland Waterways Transport

• To reduce reliance on road and rail networks, this component promotes coastal shipping and inland waterways as an eco-friendly and cost-effective mode of transportation.
• By improving waterway infrastructure and expanding maritime transport options, it helps decongest road traffic and lower transportation costs while supporting environmental sustainability.

Project Implementation & Funding

Implementation Mechanism

• The programme follows a stakeholder-driven approach for project selection and execution. Major ports, central ministries, state governments, state maritime boards, and other agencies are responsible for implementation. Regular realignment and monitoring ensure project relevance and efficiency.

Funding Structure

• The Sagarmala Programme follows a diverse funding strategy, integrating private investment, institutional funding, and government support to drive port-led economic growth and maritime infrastructure development.

1) Public-Private Partnership (PPP)

• The programme prioritizes private sector participation, implementing PPP models wherever feasible to attract investments and enhance efficiency in port and logistics projects.

2) Internal & Extra Budgetary Resources (IEBR)

• Many projects are funded through the internal resources of MoPSW agencies, including Major Ports, ensuring financial sustainability without solely relying on government funding.

3) Grant-in-Aid Support

• For projects with high social impact but low financial returns, partial funding is provided under the Sagarmala Scheme. This includes initiatives such as fishing harbours, coastal skill development, port modernization, cargo and tourism infrastructure, and urban water transport to promote inclusive growth.

4) Equity Participation

• As part of its institutional framework, the Sagarmala Development Company Limited (SDCL) was established in August 2016 to support project Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs). These SPVs, set up by Central Ministries, State Governments, Ports, and State Maritime Boards, receive equity participation to facilitate project implementation.

By leveraging private investment, institutional funding, and targeted government support, the Sagarmala Programme accelerates the development of India’s maritime sector, ensuring efficient and sustainable port-led economic growth.

Conclusion

• The Sagarmala Programme is transforming India’s maritime sector by enhancing port infrastructure, reducing logistics costs, and boosting global trade competitiveness.
• With 839 projects worth ₹5.79 lakh crore, it has led to 118% growth in coastal shipping, a 700% surge in inland waterway cargo movement, and nine Indian ports ranking among the world’s top 100.
• Building on this success, Sagarmala 2.0 and S2I2 will unlock ₹12 lakh crore in investments, strengthen shipbuilding, repair, and recycling, and position India as a global maritime innovation hub.
• Anchored in Viksit Bharat and Atmanirbhar Bharat 2047, the Indian government is steering towards a future-ready, competitive maritime ecosystem, driving economic growth, job creation, and leadership in the Blue Economy.

8) 5 Years of National Technical Textiles Mission

GS 3: Economy: India’s textile industry

Introduction

• India’s textile industry plays a crucial role in the economy, ranking as the 6th largest global textile exporter with a 3.9% share in world exports. The sector contributes nearly 2% to India’s GDP and is projected to reach US$350 billion by 2030, creating 3.5 crore jobs.
• While traditional textiles remain essential, technical textiles are transforming the industry by focusing on functionality over aesthetics. These specialized fabrics serve various industries and are classified into 12 categories, each designed for specific applications.

Framework of the National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM)

To accelerate the growth of technical textiles, the National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM) was launched for 2020-21 to 2025-26 with an outlay of ₹1,480 crore. It focuses on promoting technical textiles in key areas through four main components:

• Component I – Research, Innovation, and Development: Supports R&D in technical textiles, funding projects for new materials and processes.
• Component II – Promotion and Market Development: Encourages wider adoption of technical textiles in India through promotional activities and global partnerships.
• Component III – Export Promotion: Strengthens exports of technical textiles by establishing a dedicated export council.
• Component IV – Education, Training, and Skill Development: Enhances education, workforce training, and internships in technical textiles to create a skilled labour force.

Since its launch, ₹517 crore has been allocated to the NTTM, with ₹393.39 crore utilized for research, innovation, market expansion, export promotion, and skill development. 168 research projects worth ₹509 crore have been approved under the initiative.

NTTM Key Highlights

NTTM’sRole in Strengthening India’s Textile Industry

The NTTM is driving the transformation of India’s textile sector through various initiatives promoting innovation, skill development, and local manufacturing.

• Grant for Internship Support for Technical Textiles (GIST 2.0): This initiative bridges industry-academia gaps by providing hands-on training in technical textiles. It supports Make in India and fosters innovation among young professionals.
• Grant for Research & Entrepreneurship across Aspiring Innovators in Technical Textiles (GREAT) Scheme: Launched in August 2023, this scheme funds research and innovation. Eight startups received ₹50 lakh each for projects in medical, industrial, and protective textiles. Additionally, IIT Indore, NIT Patna, and another institute were granted ₹6.5 crore to introduce specialized courses in geotextiles, geosynthetics, and sports textiles.
• Skill Development Programs: To meet industry demands, NTTM aims to train 50,000 individuals, including students, workers, and professionals. 12 specialized courses have been designed by research organizations like SITRA, NITRA, and SASMIRA in medical, protective, mobile, and agricultural textiles.
• Technotex 2024: Organized as part of Bharat Tex 2024, this event showcased India’s advancements in technical textiles and attracted global investment. The Innovation Zone, spanning 693 square meters, highlighted 71 cutting-edge projects, including 48 prototypes and 23 poster presentations.

Success Stories

• Eicher Goodearth launched Mahina, India’s first bonded leak-proof period underwear, offering 12-hour absorbency with natural materials that last 100 washes without pads or tampons.
• State governments are also supporting technical textiles. Tamil Nadu has prioritized this sector by establishing a PM MITRA Park in Virudhunagar and a textile park in Salem.
• Additionally, capital subsidies for investments in technical textiles have been increased, including a rise in spinning modernization subsidies from 2% to 6% to reduce production costs.

Conclusion

• India is steadily positioning itself as a global leader in technical textiles. Initiatives like GIST 2.0 and GREAT, combined with research, skill development, and investment in technology, are driving this transformation.
• With sustained efforts, India is on track to dominate the global technical textiles market, fostering economic growth and international competitiveness.

9) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Bridging Faith and Modernity

GS 1: Culture and History: Contributions of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

Why is it in the news?

• March 27 marks the death anniversary of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898), a key reformer and educationist of the 19th century.
• He played a crucial role in the social and educational advancement of Muslims in India, promoting a harmonious blend of faith and reason.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Life and Contributions

• Born in 1817 in Delhi to a distinguished Muslim family. Received education in Persian, Arabic, and Islamic studies from a young age.
• Joined the British judicial service in 1876, where exposure to Western education and thought influenced his reformist ideas.
• Served in several administrative roles: Member of the Viceregal Council (1878-1883), Lieutenant Governor’s Council of the North-Western Province (1887), and contributed to educational policy in the Imperial Education Commission (1888) and the Royal Public Service Commission (1886). Knighted in 1888 for his efforts in education and social reform.
• Following the Revolt of 1857, Sir Syed worked to improve British-Muslim relations, helping reshape British perceptions of Muslims. Advocated for Muslim progress through education and cultural reforms within the British administrative framework.

Major Contributions

Educational Reforms

• Established Madrasatul Uloom (1875), which later became Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College (1877), laying the foundation for Aligarh Muslim University (AMU).
• Advocated for English education as essential for India’s development. His visit to England (1869-1870) reinforced his belief in modern education for societal progress.

Promoting Modern Thought and Critical Thinking

• Emphasized the compatibility of Islam with modern scientific principles. Encouraged reasoning and rational thought, opposing blind adherence to outdated traditions.

Social and Religious Reforms

• Advocated for women’s education and opposed purdah and polygamy. Supported simplified divorce laws and widow remarriage.
• Criticized superstitious religious practices, advocating for self-discipline and independent thinking.

Political Approach

• Avoided direct political engagement to prevent conflict with the British. Focused on community empowerment through education rather than political agitation.

Literary and Intellectual Contributions

• Published three bilingual periodicals to spread modern ideas and combat sectarianism: The Loyal Mohammedans of India (1860), The Aligarh Institute Gazette (1866), Tehzibul Akhlakh (1870).

Hindu-Muslim Unity

• Strong advocate of interfaith harmony, famously stating: “Hindus and Muslims are like the two eyes of a beautiful bride; if one is harmed, the entire beauty is lost.” In 1884 at Gurdaspur, he urged Hindus and Muslims to unite and work as one.

The Aligarh Movement: Reforming Muslim Society

• Aimed at modernizing the Muslim community while preserving Islamic values. Promoted education, social reforms, and progressive thought.
• Led to significant changes, including abolition of purdah and polygamy, encouragement of widow remarriage, and women’s education.

10) Bedmap3: Mapping Antarctica’s Hidden Landscape

GS 1: Geography: Mapping Antarctica

Why is it in the news?

• Scientists have developed Bedmap3, the most detailed map yet of Antarctica’s terrain beneath its ice sheet.

What is Bedmap3?

• An upgraded version of the previous Bedmap2 dataset.
• Incorporates data from 84 new aero-geophysical surveys, 15 different data sources, 52 million additional data points, and 1.9 million line-km of measurements.
• Addresses significant knowledge gaps, revealing details about mountain ranges, East Antarctica’s deep interior, and the coastlines of West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula.

Significance

• Offers a clearer view of Antarctica’s subglacial landscape and ice sheet distribution, aiding studies on the continent’s evolution.
• Enhances understanding of ice-bedrock interactions and helps predict ice loss and sea-level rise amid global warming.