1) World TB Day: Understanding Tuberculosis and Its Many Manifestations

GS 2: Society: Combating TB

Why is it in the news?

• In 1929, a TB vaccination campaign in Lübeck, Germany, led to a tragic mistake—251 newborns received an oral BCG vaccine contaminated with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tb). Within three years, 90% developed TB, affecting multiple organs, and 31% (77 infants) died within the first year. However, 16% remained asymptomatic.
• This disaster prompted stricter vaccine safety protocols and sparked ongoing research into why individuals respond differently to the same infection, shaping our understanding of TB transmission, disease progression, and healthcare-seeking behaviour.

TB’s Varied Impact on Individuals

• Most people discover they are infected with M.tb when they experience symptoms like coughing and breathlessness and seek medical attention. Since TB is primarily a respiratory disease, it spreads through the air from infected individuals. Fortunately, most TB patients recover with a six-month regimen of antibiotics such as rifampicin and isoniazid.
• However, TB remains a deadly disease, with the World Health Organization (WHO) reporting 1.5 million deaths globally each year. At the same time, some infected individuals show no symptoms at all, while others are able to clear the infection rapidly.
• These variations in response have driven scientists to explore more personalized and effective treatment options.

How M.tb Hijacks the Immune System

• tb survives and spreads by taking advantage of the human immune system. The body’s immune cells, particularly macrophages, are responsible for identifying and eliminating foreign pathogens. Macrophages engulf M.tb in compartments called phagosomes, where they attempt to degrade the pathogen.
• However, M.tb has evolved ways to resist destruction. It prevents the phagosome from killing it, feeds on the body’s energy-rich lipids, and even creates perforations in macrophages to escape and infect neighbouring cells.
• Some bacteria remain dormant in clusters of dead macrophages for years, while others enter the bloodstream and spread to different body parts, including bones, eyes, reproductive organs, and the digestive system.

Challenges in Treating TB

• Antibiotics effectively kill most M.tb bacteria, but some persist and resist treatment. The bacteria can develop physical changes, such as metabolic alterations or protective biofilms, making them resistant to drugs.
• Additionally, genetic mutations enable M.tb to prevent antibiotics from entering its cells or eject them before they can take effect.
• These persistent and drug-resistant TB infections are much harder to treat, particularly when the bacteria infect organs outside the lungs. Diagnosis in such cases is challenging, as current tests struggle to differentiate between M.tb and other Mycobacterium species.
• Delays in diagnosis and treatment allow the infection to spread, increasing the need for complex antibiotic regimens and leading to worse outcomes.

Genetic Variations in M.tb

• tb exhibits genetic diversity, leading to different TB manifestations across regions.
• In East Asia, two prominent genetic lineages of M.tb—lineages 1 and 2—behave differently.

1) Lineage 1, which evolved around 60,000 years ago, is adapted to low-density human populations and causes fewer fatalities, ensuring the survival of its human hosts.

2) Lineage 2, which evolved later, thrives in high-density populations and can afford to kill more hosts while continuing to spread.

Role of Nutrition and Other Health Conditions

• Human nutrition and metabolism also play a crucial role in TB outcomes. The RATIONS study conducted in 2023 among undernourished TB patients in Jharkhand, India, showed that food rations and micronutrient supplements helped patients gain weight and reduced mortality rates. Moreover, household members with better nutrition had a lower risk of infection.
• Conversely, underlying health conditions such as diabetes and HIV weaken the immune system, making individuals more vulnerable to TB complications. Scientists also suggest that the growth stage of macrophages around M.tb may determine whether an infection develops or is cleared.

The Path to Reducing TB Fatalities

• TB results from a complex interaction between M.tb and the human immune system. While scientists have some clues about why TB manifests differently in different people, sustained research is needed to translate these findings into effective interventions.
• Initiatives like the Indian Tuberculosis Genomic Surveillance program track M.tb variants, their spread, and their response to treatments, which is crucial in combating the disease, especially in densely populated cities where M.tb has opportunities to evolve for faster transmission.
• Understanding human genetic factors in TB immunity is another crucial area of research. Since most immune system studies are conducted on rodents, their applicability to humans remains uncertain.
• Clinicians and scientists must collaborate more closely to document unusual TB cases and investigate their underlying mechanisms.

Towards TB Eradication

• Better nutrition and access to healthcare have significantly reduced TB fatalities, but complete eradication requires more sophisticated diagnostic tools and treatment strategies.
• The battle against TB is ongoing, and while progress is being made, a comprehensive approach combining scientific research, clinical expertise, and public health initiatives is essential to achieving a TB-free future.

2) Kerala’s Private Universities Bill: A Shift in Leftist Policy

GS 2: Polity and Governance: Operating Private Universities in Kerala

Why is it in the news?

• The Kerala Assembly passed the Kerala State Private Universities (Establishment and Regulation) Bill, 2025, on March 25, marking a major shift in the Left’s traditional stance on private education.
• The bill allows private universities to operate in the state, making Kerala the last state in India to adopt such a policy. It was introduced earlier in the month, referred to a subject committee for review, and passed after two days of legislative discussions.

Key Provisions of the Bill

Government Representation in University Governance

• The bill ensures significant government oversight in private universities by mandating government nominees in key decision-making bodies. The governing council, responsible for the university’s functioning and statute-making, will include three government representatives among its 12 members.
• The executive council, managing funds and property, will have one government nominee among its nine members. Additionally, the academic council, which advises on academic matters, will have three government nominees who must be present at meetings concerning government policies.

Multi-Campus Universities and Reservation

• The bill allows for the establishment of multi-campus universities, enabling institutions to expand across different locations. It mandates that 40% of seats in each course be reserved for permanent residents of Kerala, with further reservations for SC/ST/OBC students, as per state regulations.

Student Representation

• A student council will be set up, headed by the Pro Vice Chancellor, with 10 elected student members. The council will include one representative from SC/ST communities and two female students to ensure inclusivity and representation in university decision-making.

Regulatory Framework

• A regulatory body will be established by the government to oversee teaching, research, and development activities within private universities, ensuring compliance with educational standards and policies.

Comparison with Other States

• As of 2024, India had 471 private universities, with Gujarat leading at 65, followed by Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh with 53 each. Various states have different regulatory frameworks for private universities.
• States like Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh have overarching legislation governing private universities, while Karnataka enacts separate laws for each institution.
• Seat reservations for state students vary, with Tamil Nadu mandating 35%, Karnataka 40%, and Haryana 25% (including 10% for SC students). While some states, such as Haryana and Karnataka, require the state governor to act as the Visitor with oversight powers, Kerala’s bill does not include such provisions.
• Representation of government nominees in university governing bodies also differs, with Tamil Nadu mandating two government representatives in the executive council and Haryana requiring at least one.

Rationale Behind the Bill

• The bill is based on the recommendations of the Shyam Menon Commission, which was set up after the 2021 state elections to reform higher education in Kerala.
• The Commission highlighted the need for high-quality private universities, noting that private institutions outnumber government institutions in the state but often lack quality standards. Currently, only 20% of higher education institutions in Kerala are government-run, while 80% are private (both aided and unaided).
• Higher Education Minister R. Bindu stated that the move aligns with the government’s vision to make Kerala a higher education hub. She pointed out that many students leave the state or even mortgage family property to afford education abroad, underscoring the need for better institutions within Kerala.
• She also noted that attending private institutions is often perceived as a status symbol, whereas public universities—despite having good faculty—are viewed with lesser prestige.

The Left’s Changing Stance on Private Education

• The CPI(M) and its student wing, the SFI, have historically opposed private sector involvement in education. Over the decades, they protested against private polytechnics in the 1980s, a cooperative sector medical college in the 1990s, and self-financing engineering and medical colleges in the early 2000s. In 2014, they opposed granting autonomy to certain colleges, arguing that private management would lead to the commercialization of education.
• However, the government now argues that the situation has changed. According to Bindu, earlier policies aimed at indiscriminate privatization weakened public institutions, whereas the current approach prioritizes strengthening the public sector while allowing for controlled private investment.
• The government maintains that this shift is necessary to retain students within the state and enhance the overall quality of higher education.

Opposition and Concerns

• The opposition Congress-led United Democratic Front (UDF) does not oppose private universities outright but argues that the bill fails to address key challenges such as brain drain and declining student enrollments in government, aided, and unaided colleges.
• Further, it is pointed out that many seats remain vacant in Kerala’s colleges, suggesting that the root cause of the higher education crisis needs better attention.

Conclusion

• The passage of the Kerala State Private Universities Bill, 2025, represents a significant policy shift for the state’s Left government. While the bill introduces a regulated framework for private universities with government oversight, its long-term impact on Kerala’s education system and the balance between public and private institutions remains to be seen.
• The debate continues on whether this move will strengthen higher education in Kerala or lead to further commercialization of the sector.

3) Judicial Misconduct Inquiry

GS 2: Polity and Governance: Understanding In-house inquiry process

Why is it in the news?

• A high-level judicial inquiry has been initiated following the discovery of large amounts of burnt cash at a residence during a fire-control operation. The matter was initially examined by the Chief Justice of a High Court, who recommended a deeper probe.
• Based on these findings, the Chief Justice of India (CJI) formed a three-member committee to investigate further. Meanwhile, judicial responsibilities have been withdrawn, and the individual under scrutiny has been transferred to their parent High Court.

Current Issue

• A fire broke out at a judge’s residence on March 14, during which fire-control personnel discovered a significant amount of burnt currency in a storeroom. A preliminary inquiry was conducted by the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court, who submitted findings to the CJI, suggesting a detailed investigation.
• The judge in question denied any involvement, stating that neither they nor their family had placed cash in the storeroom and were not shown the burnt currency during the fire-control operation.
• Following the in-house procedure, a three-member committee has been constituted to probe the allegations. Until the inquiry is completed, judicial work has been withdrawn, and a transfer to the parent High Court has been executed.

In-House Inquiry Process

• To investigate complaints of alleged misconduct against higher judiciary members, the Supreme Court follows an in-house inquiry procedure established in 1999 and publicly disclosed in 2014. When a complaint is received against a High Court judge, the CJI assesses its merit. If deemed serious, the judge’s response is sought, and the Chief Justice of the respective High Court provides comments.
• If further inquiry is needed, the CJI forms a three-member committee, typically comprising two Chief Justices from different High Courts and one High Court judge. After a thorough investigation, the committee determines whether the misconduct warrants removal or lesser action.
• If removal is advised, the judge is asked to resign. If they refuse, the findings are forwarded to the President and Prime Minister, and Parliament can initiate removal proceedings under constitutional provisions.
• For complaints against a High Court Chief Justice, the inquiry committee includes a Supreme Court judge and two High Court Chief Justices. In cases involving Supreme Court judges, the committee consists of three Supreme Court judges.
• In this case, based on the preliminary findings of the Chief Justice of a High Court, a committee has been formed, comprising the Chief Justices of Punjab & Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and a judge from Karnataka High Court.

Need for Reforms

• The in-house inquiry process is confidential, raising concerns about transparency. Disclosing key findings could build public trust and confidence in the judiciary. Additionally, past instances of misconduct have not resulted in criminal prosecution, highlighting the need for stricter accountability measures.
• International models such as the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office (JCIO) in the UK provide an independent and structured framework for handling judicial misconduct. A similar autonomous body in India could enhance judicial accountability.
• Another pressing issue is the lack of transparency in judicial appointments under the collegium system. The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC), which was proposed to make the process more accountable, was struck down in 2015 for violating judicial independence.
• A restructured NJAC, including representatives from the legislature, legal associations, and academia—while preserving judicial independence through a CJI-led veto system—could improve selection procedures.

Conclusion

• The ongoing inquiry highlights the need for judicial reforms, particularly in oversight mechanisms and appointment processes.
• Greater transparency in investigations, stricter consequences for proven misconduct, and a more inclusive appointment framework could strengthen the judiciary’s credibility while safeguarding its independence.

4) India’s Approach to Citizens on Death Row Abroad

GS 2: International Relations: Addressing Indian nationals convicted in foreign jurisdictions

Why is it in the news?

• India has been actively involved in assisting its nationals facing the death penalty in foreign countries.
• Recently, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) confirmed the execution of three Indian nationals in the UAE, including a woman sentenced for alleged murder. This has brought attention to India’s role in supporting its citizens abroad who face capital punishment.

Indians on Death Row Abroad

• As per data presented in the Rajya Sabha on March 20, a total of 49 Indian nationals are currently on death row in foreign countries. The highest number is in the UAE, where 25 Indians await execution, followed by 11 in Saudi Arabia.
• These figures highlight the significant number of Indian expatriates entangled in severe legal cases overseas.

India’s Response and Legal Assistance

• The MEA has outlined its commitment to providing all possible assistance to Indian citizens convicted abroad. According to former Ambassador, India’s diplomatic efforts operate through three stages—arrest and indictment, judicial proceedings, and an appeal for pardon by the head of the state. Once a judicial verdict is finalized, the embassy can only facilitate a plea for clemency.
• The petition, usually initiated by the convict’s family, is forwarded by the Indian embassy to the foreign office, requesting it be presented to the country’s ruler.

Role of Blood Money

• In several Gulf nations, death sentences can be commuted through the payment of blood money, a compensation paid to the victim’s family in exchange for clemency. However, both the state and the victim’s family must agree to this arrangement.
• In some instances, the state may refuse to allow this option based on the severity of the crime, limiting the scope of diplomatic intervention.

Limitations of Diplomatic Efforts

• India’s ability to intervene varies depending on the host country’s legal system. In authoritarian regimes with opaque judicial processes, such as Saudi Arabia, Indian embassies are often not informed about arrests or judicial proceedings until after the execution. This limits the embassy’s role, especially if the accused has already confessed under unknown circumstances.
• However, in nations with more transparent legal systems, Indian diplomatic missions can provide legal aid, nominate defense lawyers, and offer financial assistance for legal proceedings through welfare funds.

Successful Interventions

• India has successfully intervened in multiple cases to prevent executions. In February 2023, diplomatic efforts led to the release of eight Indian Navy veterans sentenced to death in Qatar.
• Another notable case involved Gurdip Singh, who was sentenced to death in Indonesia in 2005 for drug trafficking. Despite the rejection of his appeal by higher courts, Indian government intervention spared him from execution. These cases demonstrate the impact of sustained diplomatic efforts in saving Indian citizens from capital punishment abroad.

Conclusion

• While India extends legal and diplomatic support to its citizens facing death sentences abroad, challenges persist due to varying legal frameworks and the secrecy surrounding judicial processes in some countries.
• Strengthening diplomatic negotiations and enhancing legal aid mechanisms can improve outcomes for Indian nationals convicted in foreign jurisdictions.

5) Revolutionizing Mobility: The Make in India Auto Story

GS 3: Economy: Indian Automotive industry

Why is it in the news?

• Launched in 2014, the Make in India initiative has transformed India’s automobile industry by boosting domestic car production and accelerating electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing.
• Over the past decade, policy reforms, fiscal incentives, and infrastructure development have positioned India as a global automotive hub, attracting substantial investments and fostering innovation. The sector has also seen increased localization, contributing significantly to economic growth and sustainability.

Expansion of Vehicle Production

• The Indian automobile industry has experienced rapid growth since the sector was de-licensed in 1991, allowing 100% FDI through the automatic route.
• As a result, global automotive giants have established manufacturing units in India, increasing vehicle production from 2 million units in 1991-92 to 28 million units in 2023-24. This expansion has solidified India’s role as a key player in the global automotive market.

Economic Contribution and Employment

• With a turnover of USD 240 billion (₹20 lakh crore), the auto sector plays a crucial role in India’s economy. According to the Annual Report 2024-25 of the Ministry of Heavy Industries, the industry supports 30 million jobs, including 4.2 million direct and 26.5 million indirect employment opportunities.
• Automobile exports, including vehicles and components, reached USD 35 billion in FY 2023-24, further strengthening India’s global trade position.

India’s Global Standing in Auto Manufacturing

• India is among the top manufacturers worldwide in multiple vehicle segments. The country is the largest manufacturer of three-wheelers, second-largest producer of two-wheelers, among the top four producers of passenger vehicles, and within the top five manufacturers of commercial vehicles globally. This highlights India’s growing influence in the international automotive industry.

Rise of Electric Mobility and Policy Support

• The government has actively promoted electric mobility through initiatives like PLI (Production-Linked Incentive) and PM E-DRIVE schemes, supporting EV and battery manufacturing.
• As of FY 2023-24, 4.4 million EVs have been registered, achieving 6.6% market penetration. Additionally, GST on EVs has been reduced from 12% to 5%, making electric vehicles more affordable.

Growth of the Auto Component Industry

• The auto component sector is another crucial contributor, accounting for 2.3% of GDP and providing 1.5 million direct jobs. The industry has grown at a CAGR of 8.63% from FY16-FY24, with exports reaching USD 21.2 billion in FY24 and expected to hit USD 30 billion by 2026. This reflects the strong demand for Indian automotive parts globally.

Auto Components Industry in India

Key Role in Manufacturing and Exports

• The auto component sector is a critical pillar of India’s manufacturing industry, supplying essential parts and systems to domestic vehicle manufacturers and major global markets. It encompasses a wide range of products, including engine parts, transmission systems, braking systems, electrical and electronic components, body and chassis parts.
• India’s cost competitiveness, skilled workforce, and strong policy support have made it a preferred destination for auto component manufacturing. The sector is projected to reach $100 billion in exports by 2030, making it one of the largest job creators in the country.

Industry Overview and Economic Contribution

• India’s auto component industry contributes 2.3% to the GDP and directly employs 1.5 million people. The sector’s FY24 turnover stood at ₹6.14 lakh crore (US$ 74.1 billion), with 54% of output supplied to domestic Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and 18% allocated for exports.
• Over FY16-FY24, the industry grew at a CAGR of 8.63%, with exports reaching US$ 21.2 billion in FY24 and projected to rise to US$ 30 billion by 2026. Notably, the industry achieved a US$ 300 million trade surplus in FY24.

Export Growth and Localization Efforts

• The Indian auto components industry exports over 25% of its production annually. By FY28, the sector aims to invest US$ 7 billion to boost localization of advanced components such as electric motors and automatic transmissions, reducing reliance on imports and leveraging the “China Plus One” strategy.
• In 2023, the industry recorded a 5.8% reduction in imports over two years. The major components sold to OEMs include engine components (26%), body/chassis/BIW (14%), suspension and braking (15%), drive transmission and steering (13%), and electricals & electronics (11%).

Leading Export Markets

• India’s auto components are in high demand across global markets. Key export destinations include Europe (US$ 6.89 billion), North America (US$ 6.19 billion), and Asia (US$ 5.15 billion), reinforcing India’s growing influence in the global supply chain.

Expansion of Domestic Automobile Production

• The automobile sector contributes 6% to India’s national GDP, with exports totaling 4.5 million units across all categories in FY 2023-24, including 6.72 million passenger vehicles and 3.45 million two-wheelers.
• Companies like Skoda Auto Volkswagen India export 30% of their production, while Maruti Suzuki exports around 2.8 lakh units annually, reflecting India’s expanding footprint in global markets.

Rising Foreign Investments

• The auto sector has attracted US$ 36 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) over the past four years, highlighting India’s growing prominence in the global automotive landscape.
• Leading international manufacturers are making significant commitments, including Hyundai’s planned US$ 4 billion (₹33,200 crore) expansion, Mercedes-Benz’s US$ 360 million (₹3,000 crore) investment, and Toyota’s recent US$ 2.3 billion (₹20,000 crore) commitment to increasing production capacity.

Electric Vehicle (EV) Manufacturing Boom

Rapid Growth in EV Adoption

• India is making significant strides in sustainable mobility, with 4.4 million electric vehicles (EVs) registered by August 2024, including 9.5 lakh registrations in the first eight months of the year, achieving a 6.6% market penetration.
• To support this expansion, the government has launched several initiatives, including the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) battery storage. The 2024-25 Budget allocated ₹2,671.33 crore under the FAME scheme and proposed customs duty exemptions on critical minerals for EV cell components to accelerate domestic battery manufacturing.
• Additionally, the Electric Mobility Promotion Scheme (EMPS) was introduced in March 2024 with an ₹500 crore outlay for four months, specifically targeting two and three-wheeler EVs to accelerate the transition.
• This aligns with the recent lithium deposits discovered in Jammu & Kashmir, positioning India as a future leader in global battery manufacturing. The Indian EV sector is projected to grow to US$ 113.99 billion by 2029, reflecting its rapid expansion.

Government Initiatives for EV Promotion

The Ministry of Heavy Industries has launched several schemes to enhance EV adoption and address challenges like charging infrastructure availability:

• FAME India Scheme Phase-II (2019-2024): With a ₹11,500 crore budget, this initiative incentivizes e-2Ws, e-3Ws, e-4Ws, e-buses, and EV charging stations. Under Phase II, 2,636 charging stations were sanctioned across 62 cities in 24 states/UTs.
• PLI Scheme for Automobile and Auto Components (PLI-Auto): Launched in September 2021, this scheme boosts domestic manufacturing of Advanced Automotive Technology (AAT) products, with a ₹25,938 crore outlay for FY 2022-23 to 2026-27. It mandates a minimum 50% Domestic Value Addition (DVA) and provides incentives of 13%-18% for EVs and hydrogen fuel-cell components and 8%-13% for AAT components.
• PLI Scheme for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) Batteries: Approved in May 2021 with a ₹18,100 crore budget, this scheme aims to develop 50 GWh of ACC battery manufacturing capacity to strengthen India’s EV ecosystem.
• PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme: Announced in September 2024 with a ₹10,900 crore budget, this two-year initiative supports e-2Ws, e-3Ws, e-trucks, e-buses, e-ambulances, and EV public charging stations, alongside upgrades for vehicle testing agencies.
• PM e-Bus Sewa-Payment Security Mechanism (PSM) Scheme: Notified in October 2024 with a ₹3,435.33 crore outlay, this scheme supports over 38,000 electric buses, ensuring payment security for e-bus operators in case of default by Public Transport Authorities (PTAs).
• Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electric Passenger Cars in India (SMEC): Announced in March 2024, this initiative promotes electric car manufacturing by requiring a minimum investment of ₹4,150 crore and a DVA of 25% by the third year, increasing to 50% by the fifth year.

Supportive Policies from Other Ministries

To further promote EV adoption, various ministries have introduced additional measures:

• Ministry of Power: Issued the “Guidelines for Installation and Operation of EV Charging Infrastructure – 2024” in September 2024, ensuring a connected and interoperable charging network.
• Ministry of Finance: Reduced GST on EVs from 12% to 5%, making EVs more affordable.
• Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH): Announced green plates for battery-operated vehicles, exempting them from permit requirements to encourage faster adoption.
• Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs: Amended the Model Building Bye-Laws, mandating EV charging stations in private and commercial buildings.

Conclusion

• The Make in India initiative has propelled India’s automobile and auto component sectors, significantly boosting domestic car production and EV manufacturing.
• With continued policy support, increasing investments, and advancements in EV technology, India is on track to become a global leader in electric mobility, strengthening its position in the automotive industry while moving towards greater self-reliance.

6) SC Forms Task Force to Tackle Rising Student Suicides

GS 2: Society: Preventing student suicides

Why is it in the news?

• The Supreme Court has set up a national task force to tackle rising student suicides and improve mental health support in higher educational institutions. This initiative aims to analyze the causes behind student suicides and implement preventive measures.

Rising Cases of Student Suicides

• The Supreme Court expressed concern over the growing number of student suicides, particularly in institutions like IITs, surpassing even farmer suicides due to agrarian distress.
• These incidents highlight significant gaps in institutional frameworks, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive mental health support systems.

Formation of the Task Force

• A 10-member task force has been formed to investigate the reasons behind student suicides, including ragging, caste discrimination, academic stress, financial burdens, and mental health stigma. The task force will evaluate existing policies and suggest necessary reforms.
• It has been given authority to conduct surprise inspections at institutions and can expand its recommendations if needed. The Supreme Court has directed the task force to submit an interim report within four months and a final report within eight months.

Statistics on Student Suicides

• According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) 2022 report, over 13,000 students died by suicide in India. The rate of student suicides has been increasing by 4% annually—twice the national average.
• Between 2021 and 2022, male student suicides declined by 6%, while female student suicides rose by 7%. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Madhya Pradesh together account for nearly one-third of student suicides.

Causes Behind Student Suicides

• Several factors contribute to student suicides in India. Academic pressure, particularly in competitive environments like Kota, is a major cause. Mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and stress remain inadequately addressed due to a lack of institutional support.
• Social stigma discourages students from seeking help, while caste and gender discrimination further add to their struggles. Family expectations, financial hardships, fear of failure, and academic setbacks also play a significant role. Additionally, social media, peer pressure, and cyberbullying negatively impact students’ mental well-being.

Government Initiatives

• To address these concerns, the Union Education Ministry launched the ‘Manodarpan’ initiative, which provides psychological support through a toll-free helpline and an online platform. The Rajasthan government has taken steps such as issuing mental health guidelines, appointing 90 psychological counsellors, and training 10,000 hostel gatekeepers to identify students in distress.
• Kota introduced the ‘Dinner with DM’ initiative, allowing students to discuss their problems with district officials. A national helpline (104) has also been set up for students facing mental health challenges.

The Way Forward

• Experts emphasize the need to shift the education system’s focus from intense competition to student well-being. The IC3 Institute has suggested integrating career and college counselling within institutions to help students manage stress effectively.
• The NCRB report stresses the importance of fostering an environment that nurtures students’ strengths instead of subjecting them to excessive academic pressure. Strengthening mental health support and reducing stress in educational institutions can play a crucial role in preventing student suicides.

7) Revised MSME Classification: Enhancing Growth and Support

GS 3: Economy: Classifying MSMEs

Why is it in the news?

• The government has announced significant revisions to the turnover and investment thresholds for classifying Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). These changes will take effect from April 1, aligning with the provisions in the Union Budget 2025.

Importance of MSMEs

• MSMEs are crucial for India’s economic and social development, having evolved over five decades into a dynamic sector. They are the second-largest employment providers after agriculture, generating jobs for over 24.14 crore people.
• Notably, around 40% of the 6.13 crore registered MSMEs are owned by women, contributing to gender inclusivity in entrepreneurship. Additionally, MSMEs serve as ancillary units to large industries, promoting inclusive industrial growth.
• Their presence in rural and backward regions helps reduce regional disparities while strengthening India’s self-reliance. Furthermore, MSMEs contribute significantly to domestic and international markets, producing a wide range of goods and services.

Challenges Faced by MSMEs

• Limited Access to Credit: Many MSMEs struggle to obtain formal financing due to a lack of credit history, collateral, or proper documentation. As per the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), only 16% of MSMEs receive formal credit, forcing others to depend on informal lenders or Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) that charge higher interest rates.
• Outdated Technology: Many MSMEs continue to rely on obsolete machinery, affecting productivity and global competitiveness. For instance, several textile MSMEs in Surat still use traditional looms, making it difficult to compete with advanced Chinese manufacturers.
• Market and Export Limitations: Although MSMEs contribute 48% of India’s exports, only a small fraction engage directly in international trade. Many handicraft businesses in Rajasthan lack access to online platforms or export licenses, restricting their global reach.
• Labour Shortages: A survey by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI) reveals that over 70% of MSMEs struggle to find skilled workers.
• Delayed Payments: Large buyers often delay payments to MSMEs, creating cash flow disruptions. For example, MSMEs supplying to government Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) frequently experience payment delays of three to six months, affecting their working capital.

Government Initiatives to Support MSMEs

To enhance MSME growth, the government has introduced several key programs:

• Udyam Registration Portal: This online platform simplifies MSME registration, granting businesses a unique identification number and streamlining access to government schemes.
• Public Procurement Policy for MSEs: This policy mandates government ministries and PSUs to source a fixed percentage of their procurement from Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs), ensuring better market access.
• Entrepreneurship and Skill Development Programme (ESDP): Aims to equip MSMEs with essential skills through training programs focused on entrepreneurship and business management.
• Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE): Provides collateral-free loans up to ₹5 crore for MSMEs, offering varying guarantee coverage based on the loan amount and borrower category.
• Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): Extends financial support to non-corporate, non-farm small businesses with loans categorized as ‘Shishu’ (up to ₹50,000), ‘Kishore’ (₹50,000–₹5 lakh), ‘Tarun’ (₹5 lakh–₹10 lakh), and ‘Tarun Plus’ (₹10 lakh–₹20 lakh).
• Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries (SFURTI): Encourages the formation of artisan clusters to improve competitiveness and create sustainable employment.
• PM Vishwakarma Scheme: Provides holistic support to traditional artisans and craftsmen, including skill training, toolkits, credit access, and market linkage assistance.

8) Tackling Maoist Insurgency: A Comprehensive Approach

GS 3: Internal Security: Addressing Maoist insurgency

Why is it in the news?

• Security forces launched two major operations in Bastar, Chhattisgarh, on March 20, 2025, eliminating 30 Maoist insurgents. This has raised the total count of Maoists killed this year to over 100.
• While security operations have significantly weakened Maoist influence, a broader strategy is needed to address the socio-economic factors fuelling the insurgency.

Decline in Maoist Influence: Key Factors

• Effective Counter-Insurgency Measures: Targeted operations by security forces, including the CRPF’s elite COBRA unit and state police, have dismantled Maoist networks. Operations like ‘Prahar’ in Chhattisgarh have eliminated top leaders and disrupted logistical support.
• Development and Governance Reforms: Improved infrastructure, electrification, and mobile connectivity have reduced Maoist strongholds. The Aspirational Districts Programme has further strengthened state presence by enhancing education, healthcare, and employment in Maoist-affected areas.
• Loss of Popular Support: Public discontent has grown due to Maoist violence, forced recruitment, and extortion. The killing of tribal leader Madvi Hidma by Maoists in Bastar triggered widespread protests, reducing local backing for insurgents.
• Rehabilitation and Surrender Initiatives: The government’s surrender and rehabilitation schemes provide financial aid, skill training, and housing to ex-Maoists. These initiatives have led to over 600 surrenders in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, offering former insurgents a chance to reintegrate into society.
• Internal Divisions and Leadership Crisis: Factionalism, lack of new leadership, and desertions have weakened Maoist ranks. The death of key leaders like Kishenji and the arrest of senior cadres have further eroded organizational strength.

Limitations of a Military-Only Approach

• Unresolved Socio-Economic Grievances: Maoist insurgency thrives in regions affected by poverty, land alienation, and governance gaps. Security operations alone cannot address these root causes. For instance, displacement due to mining in Dantewada, Chhattisgarh, has fueled local resentment, making tribals more vulnerable to Maoist influence.
• Risk of Civilian Backlash: Excessive military action can lead to human rights violations, alienating local populations. The Salwa Judum campaign (2005-2011), a state-backed militia against Maoists, resulted in severe abuses and ultimately worsened the conflict.
• Need for a Sustainable Peace Framework: While military interventions weaken Maoists, they do not provide a long-term solution. A balanced approach integrating governance, dialogue, and development is essential. Nepal’s Maoist insurgency, for instance, ended through political engagement, demonstrating the potential of negotiated settlements.

Maoist Strongholds in India

• Southern Chhattisgarh (Bastar Region): Densely forested terrain and limited governance make Dantewada, Sukma, and Bijapur key Maoist zones, frequently witnessing ambushes on security forces.
• Border Regions of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Telangana: The tri-junction of these states acts as a transit corridor for Maoist movement and arms supply. Districts like Latehar (Jharkhand), Malkangiri (Odisha), and Bhadradri-Kothagudem (Telangana) remain active insurgent areas.
• Gadchiroli District (Maharashtra): The proximity to Chhattisgarh’s Maoist belt offers Maoists a strategic refuge. Recent encounters, such as the Jambhulkheda operation, have seen security forces eliminate top insurgents.

Stakeholders in Resolving the Maoist Conflict

• Government Authorities: Both central and state governments play a key role in policymaking, law enforcement, and regional development. Programs like the Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy offer insurgents incentives to reintegrate into society.
• Security Forces and Intelligence Agencies: Specialized units like the Greyhounds (Telangana), CoBRA (CRPF), and District Reserve Guard (Chhattisgarh) lead counterinsurgency efforts and maintain law and order.
• Tribal Communities and Local Populations: Caught in the crossfire, tribal communities need protection, governance, and development. The PESA Act (1996) empowers self-governance in tribal areas, addressing their socio-economic concerns.
• Civil Society and NGOs: These organizations facilitate peace talks, promote human rights, and aid development. Initiatives like Swami Agnivesh’s mediation efforts have attempted to bridge the gap between Maoists and the state.
• Former Maoists and Rehabilitation Advocates: Ex-insurgents who have surrendered can influence others to reintegrate. Figures like Gopanna Markam have played a role in persuading Maoists to join mainstream society.

Learning from International Experiences

• Political Engagement as a Conflict Resolution Tool: Providing a political pathway can encourage insurgents to abandon violence. Nepal’s Maoists transitioned into mainstream politics through the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, integrating into democratic governance.
• Rehabilitation and Reintegration Programs: Post-conflict economic and social integration is crucial in preventing re-radicalization. Colombia’s 2016 peace deal with FARC included land reforms, financial aid, and skill development programs for former rebels, aiding their transition to civilian life.
• Addressing Socio-Economic Roots of Conflict: Long-term peace requires resolving economic disparities and governance failures that drive insurgencies. Colombia’s rural development programs have improved infrastructure, healthcare, and education in former conflict zones, reducing the risk of rebellion resurgence.

Way Forward

• A multi-pronged strategy is essential for addressing Maoist insurgency—combining military operations with governance reforms, rehabilitation initiatives, and dialogue.
• While security interventions have weakened Maoists, sustainable peace requires addressing the underlying socio-economic issues that sustain the insurgency.

9) Tackling Food Waste in India: A Growing Concern

GS 2: Society: Addressing food waste

Why is it in the news?

• The UNEP’s Food Waste Index Report 2024 reveals that 1.05 billion tonnes of food were wasted globally in 2022, accounting for nearly 20% of all food produced. India is a significant contributor, making food waste a critical environmental and ethical issue.

Food Waste vs. Food Loss

• Food Waste occurs at the consumer and retail levels, including discarded edible and inedible food due to over-purchasing, improper storage, and excess food preparation.
• Food Loss happens during production, storage, and transportation due to poor infrastructure, handling inefficiencies, and supply chain failures.

Why Food Waste is a Major Challenge for India

• Hunger and Malnutrition – Despite being a leading food producer, India wastes 78 million tonnes of food annually while over 200 million people face hunger. Large-scale events and food businesses discard surplus food instead of redistributing it.
• Environmental Impact – Decomposing food waste emits methane, a greenhouse gas 25 times more potent than CO₂, contributing significantly to climate change. Food waste makes up 10%-12% of total municipal waste in India.
• Resource Depletion – Wasting food also wastes essential resources like water, land, and energy. Producing 1 kg of rice requires 1,800 litres of water, which is lost when food is discarded.
• Economic Consequences – Food wastage leads to significant financial losses for households, retailers, and farmers. Perishable goods like fruits, vegetables, and dairy are frequently discarded due to short shelf life, resulting in economic losses.
• Climate and Agricultural Strain – Increased food production due to wastage leads to deforestation, soil degradation, and excessive water consumption, exacerbating environmental crises. Extreme weather events further threaten food security.

Major Points of Food Waste in India’s Supply Chain

• Harvest and Storage Losses – Poor harvesting methods and inadequate storage lead to grain damage from pests, rain, and rodents, reducing food availability.
• Transport and Distribution Gaps – Limited cold storage and inefficient logistics cause spoilage, particularly for perishable food items transported over long distances.
• Retail and Market-Level Waste – Supermarkets and vendors discard unsold food due to short shelf life and aesthetic standards, rejecting edible but misshapen produce.
• Household-Level Waste – Poor meal planning, excessive buying, and improper storage result in significant food wastage in homes. Expired groceries and leftovers are frequently discarded.
• Excess in the Hospitality Sector – Large-scale food preparation in restaurants, hotels, and catering services leads to wastage, particularly in buffets and events.

Government Initiatives to Reduce Food Waste

• “Save Food, Share Food” Program – A nationwide initiative to collect surplus food from businesses, individuals, and events for redistribution to the needy.
• Enhanced Cold Storage and Logistics – Investment in storage facilities and refrigerated transport under schemes like Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana aims to reduce post-harvest losses.
• Food Redistribution Guidelines – The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) encourages food businesses to donate surplus food through certified food banks.
• Public Awareness and Behavioural Change – Initiatives like the Indian Food Sharing Alliance (IFSA) promote responsible consumption and waste reduction by linking food businesses with NGOs.
• Support for Food Processing – Government incentives under the Mega Food Parks Scheme encourage food processing industries to convert surplus produce into preserved food products.

The Road Ahead

• Expanding Food Redistribution Networks – Digital platforms can connect surplus food sources with NGOs and food banks, ensuring efficient redistribution. A national food-sharing app can track and distribute excess food effectively.
• Leveraging Technology in Supply Chains – AI, IoT, and blockchain can improve food storage, monitor transportation conditions, and track expiry dates, preventing spoilage. Smart sensors in storage units can help reduce losses due to temperature fluctuations.

Conclusion

• Reducing food waste requires a multi-dimensional approach, including better storage infrastructure, improved logistics, public awareness, and policy-driven interventions. Addressing this issue is essential for tackling hunger, reducing environmental harm, and ensuring economic sustainability.