1) India’s Air Pollution Crisis: The Need for Urgent and Coordinated Action

GS 3: Environment and Biodiversity: Need for a clean air

Context

• India’s air pollution problem is not just a seasonal issue but a year-round crisis affecting public health and the environment. Every winter, cities are engulfed in smog, hospitals see a surge in respiratory cases, and schools are forced to close.
• Indian metropolitan areas frequently top global pollution rankings, making air pollution a silent pandemic that demands urgent attention.

Current Efforts and Challenges

• India has introduced several initiatives such as the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), Bharat VI emission standards, the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), and restrictions on coal-burning industries in the National Capital Region.
• However, these efforts remain fragmented, slow-moving, and insufficient to bring about transformative change. Without better coordination and faster execution, India risks falling short of its clean air targets.

Understanding Ground Realities

• Air pollution in India is often seen as a technical problem, but it is a complex structural issue influenced by governance, socio-economic disparities, demographic pressures, and entrenched economic systems.
• Scientists can diagnose pollution levels, but lasting solutions require the involvement of municipal officers, engineers, urban planners, and community leaders who operate under financial constraints and outdated infrastructure.
• Strengthening their capacity and aligning local policies with air quality goals are crucial for sustained improvement.

The 2026 PM2.5 Target and Its Hurdles

• India aims to reduce PM2.5 levels by 40% from 2017 levels by 2026, but this goal may be unrealistic without considering ground realities. For example, transportation is a major pollution source, but a broad statement like “vehicles cause pollution” is insufficient.
• Effective solutions require granular data on vehicle types, fuel usage, age, travel patterns, and congestion levels. Without such details, national policies will struggle to translate into tangible results at the local level.

Financial Constraints and Proactive Programs

• China spent ₹22 lakh crore over five years to tackle urban air pollution, whereas India’s NCAP budget is less than 1% of that.
• However, if we include programs like PMUY (₹18,128 crore), the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME II – ₹10,795 crore), Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (₹1.4 lakh crore), and NCAP itself (₹11,542 crore), a broader financial ecosystem emerges. These programs target pollution sources and should be seen as part of India’s air quality strategy.

The Need for Better Metrics and Data

• NCAP struggles with inefficient fund allocation and unreliable pollution measurement methods. Relying solely on ambient air quality data, which is influenced by weather and geography, can lead to misleading conclusions.
• For instance, emission reductions from PMUY or waste-burning bans may not immediately reflect in air quality readings. A shift towards activity-based metrics—such as the number of cleaner cookstoves distributed or diesel buses phased out—would provide a clearer picture of progress.
• Local governments also lack high-resolution, open-source data on emissions from waste burning, solid fuel usage, construction activity, and traffic congestion. This data gap makes it difficult to integrate air pollution control into routine governance.
• Between 2019 and 2023, only 60% of NCAP funds were utilized, not due to lack of intent but due to institutional misalignment. Air quality remains a secondary concern rather than a core municipal responsibility.

A Phased, Data-Driven Approach

To move from intention to impact, India should adopt a phased strategy:

• Phase I: Develop local emissions profiles to identify major pollution sources.
• Phase II: Allocate funding directly to targeted actions based on this data.
• Phase III: Measure reductions in emissions rather than just pollution concentrations to track real progress.

This proactive approach would ensure that air quality management moves beyond passive monitoring to active intervention.

Avoiding Superficial Solutions

• India must avoid over-reliance on high-tech, urban-centric solutions that do little to address fundamental pollution sources. Smog towers, AI-driven air quality dashboards, and real-time apportionment models may seem innovative but will be ineffective if biomass burning, outdated industrial practices, and old polluting vehicles continue unchecked.
• Cities like London and Los Angeles introduced advanced technology only after implementing systemic reforms. India must prioritize structural changes before adopting expensive technological solutions.

Equity in Air Quality Policies

• There is also a risk of “elite capture” where urban centers receive advanced pollution control tools while rural and informal sectors, which contribute significantly to emissions, are overlooked. Policymakers must distinguish between academic research and practical implementation.
• Long-term innovation is necessary, but immediate, scalable interventions should be prioritized. Creating separate funding streams for research and on-ground action would prevent policy stagnation.

Learning from Global Examples

• Countries have successfully tackled air pollution using context-specific strategies. China shut down coal plants, Brazil implemented community-led waste management, California reinvested pollution taxes into poor communities, and London banned coal use before deploying air sensors.
• India must develop solutions tailored to its unique challenges, balancing federal support, subsidies, and informal sector integration.

The Way Forward

• India’s clean air future depends not on dashboards but on coordinated action, strong partnerships, and a clear purpose. Air pollution control should not be an elite privilege but a right for all.
• Achieving clean air will require not just policy promises but decisive action, institutional reforms, and a commitment to sustained implementation.

2) Threads of Progress: How Make in India is Shaping the Textile and Apparel Industry

GS 3: Economy: Strengthening Textile and Apparel Industry

Context

• The Make in India initiative, launched in 2014, has significantly strengthened India’s textile and apparel industry, making it a global manufacturing and export hub. As one of the largest contributors to the economy, the industry generates employment for millions and earns substantial foreign exchange.
• With strong policy support, infrastructure development, and a skilled workforce, India is emerging as a key investment destination in the global textile sector.

Overview of India’s Textile Industry

• The textile and apparel sector contributes 2.3% to India’s GDP, 13% to industrial production, and 12% to exports. In 2023-24, India exported textile goods worth $34.4 billion, with apparel accounting for 42%, raw and semi-finished materials 34%, and finished non-apparel goods 30%.
• The industry directly employs over 45 million people, including a significant rural and female workforce, with nearly 80% of capacity spread across MSME clusters. It aligns with government initiatives such as Make in India, Skill India, and Women’s Empowerment. Producing around 22,000 million garments annually, the sector’s market size is expected to grow from $174 billion to $350 billion by 2030.
• The Ministry of Textiles reported a 7% increase in textile and apparel exports, including handicrafts, from April to December 2024. Currently ranked fifth globally, India aims to accelerate its textile sector’s growth to 15-20% over the next five years.

Impact of ‘Make in India’ on the Textile Sector

• Make in India has driven textile manufacturing and exports through policy interventions, better infrastructure, and incentives. The Union Budget 2024-25 extended full exemptions on two more types of shuttle-less looms to boost domestic production. Several government schemes have further strengthened the industry.

1) Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Textiles

• The PLI scheme aims to enhance manufacturing in man-made fibre (MMF) and technical textiles, with a budget of ₹10,683 crore. It offers financial incentives to large-scale textile manufacturers to boost production and global competitiveness.

2) PM MITRA Parks

• The PM Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel (PM MITRA) Parks initiative is designed to create world-class industrial infrastructure for textiles. With a budget of ₹4,445 crore (2021-22 to 2027-28), it focuses on developing integrated facilities for spinning, weaving, processing, garmenting, and textile machinery. The scheme aims to reduce logistics costs, attract FDI, and improve competitiveness. Currently, seven parks have been established in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, and Telangana.

3) Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS)

• ATUFS promotes credit-linked technology upgradation in the MSME-driven textile industry. With a budget of ₹17,822 crore, it provides capital subsidies to support investments in modernizing textile units and enhancing productivity.

4) Samarth: Skill Development in Textiles

• Samarth aims to train workers in the textile industry in collaboration with the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship. In FY 2023-24, ₹115 crore was allocated, of which ₹114.99 crore (99.9%) was disbursed. As of March 27, 2025, over 4.78 lakh users have registered on the Samarth portal. By March 19, 2025, 3.82 lakh beneficiaries had completed training, with 2.97 lakh (77.74%) successfully placed in jobs.

5) Textile Cluster Development Scheme (TCDS)

• TCDS promotes an integrated workspace and support system for textile clusters to improve operational and financial viability. With a budget of ₹853 crore, the scheme enhances economies of scale, manufacturing competitiveness, and access to technology. As of March 18, 2025, about 1.22 lakh jobs have been created under TCDS, with ₹34.48 crore released in 2024-25.

6) National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM)

• NTTM aims to boost India’s technical textile industry from 2020-21 to 2025-26 with a budget of ₹1,480 crore. The mission focuses on research, innovation, market promotion, education, skill development, and export growth. As of January 1, 2025, 168 projects worth ₹509 crore have been approved in specialty fibres and technical textiles.

Union Budget Allocations for Ministry of Textiles

• The Union Budget announced an outlay of ₹5272 crores for the Ministry of Textiles for 2025-26. This is an increase of 19% over budget estimates of 2024-25 (Rs. 4417.03 crore).

Key Highlights:

• Cotton Mission: A five-year plan to improve cotton productivity, especially extra-long staple varieties, with science and technology support.
• Tax Exemptions on Looms: Duty removed on select shuttle-less looms to reduce costs and modernize weaving.
• Customs Duty on Knitted Fabrics: Increased from “10% or 20%” to “20% or ₹115 per kg, whichever is higher” to curb cheap imports.
• Handicraft Exports: Time for export extended from six months to one year, with more items eligible for duty-free input imports.
• MSME Boost: Focus on exports, credit enhancement, and policies like the National Manufacturing Mission, Export Promotion Mission, Bharat Trade Net, and Fund of Funds to promote employment and entrepreneurship.

Export Growth and Market Expansion

• India is the 6th largest exporter of Textiles & Apparel in the world. The share of textile and apparel (T&A) including handicrafts in India’s total exports stands at a significant 8.21% in 2023-24. India has a share of 3.91% of the global trade in textiles and apparel.
• Major textile and apparel export destinations for India are USA and EU and with around 47% share in total textile and apparel exports.  The textile and apparel sector has witnessed significant export growth due to government incentives and trade agreements.

The government has taken several steps to enhance exports in textiles and apparels, including:

• Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies (RoSCTL):On 7th March 2019, Government approved Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies (RoSCTL) Scheme to rebate all embedded State and Central taxes/levies on export of Apparel/Garments and Made-ups to provide support and enhance competitiveness of these sectors.
• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Textiles: Under this scheme, as per the Quarterly Review Reports (QRRs) released on 31.03.2024, the turnover achieved was Rs. 1,355 crore including export of Rs.166 crore.
• Free Trade Agreements:India has so far signed 14 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) including recently concluded agreement with United Arab Emirates (UAE), Australia and TEPA (Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement) with EFTA (European Free Trade Association) countries comprising Switzerland, Iceland, Norway & Liechtenstein. India has 6 Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) with various trading partners. India is presently engaged in FTA negotiations with some of its trading partners notable among these FTAs are India-UK Free Trade Agreement, India- EU Free Trade Agreement, and India-Oman FTA.
• Quality Control Orders: The Ministry has actively taken up notification of standards for textile products in co-ordination with Bureau of Indian Standards and Quality Control Orders (QCOs) are issued to regulate quality and curb sub-standard imports.
• Textile Advisory Group on Man-Made Fibre (MMF):The Ministry has constituted a “Textile Advisory Group on Man-made Fibre (MMF)” comprising stakeholders of the country’s entire Man-Made Fibre (MMF) including viscose to deliberate and make recommendations on the issues and concerns of the sector.
• Exports Promotion Councils (EPCs): There are eleven Exports Promotion Councils (EPCs) representing various segments of the textiles & apparel value chain from Fibre to finished goods as well as traditional sectors like handloom, handicrafts and carpets.  These Councils work in close cooperation with the Ministry of Textiles and other Ministries to promote the growth and export of their respective sectors in global markets.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Textiles

• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played a crucial role in strengthening India’s textile and apparel sector. Between January 2000 and March 2024, the industry received FDI equity inflows worth $4,472.79 million (₹28,304.10 crore).
• This investment has helped modernize the sector, boost exports, and improve India’s global standing in textile manufacturing.

Bharat Tex 2024: A Global Textile Expo

• Bharat Tex 2024 was a major global textile event held from February 26-29, 2024, organized by 11 Textile Export Promotion Councils with support from the Ministry of Textiles. The expo, focused on trade, investment, and sustainability, attracted 3,500 exhibitors, 3,000 buyers from 111 countries, and over one lakh trade visitors.
• It was held at two venues in Delhi—Bharat Mandapam and Yashobhoomi—and featured a large-scale exhibition, discussions on textile mega trends, sustainability, global supply chains, and Manufacturing 4.0.

Bharat Tex 2025: Strengthening India’s Global Presence

• Following the success of Bharat Tex 2024, Bharat Tex 2025 was organized from February 14-17, 2025, at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. The event, spanning 2.2 million square feet, featured over 5,000 exhibitors and 1,20,000 trade visitors from 120+ countries. It played a key role in advancing India’s “Farm to Fibre, Fabric, Fashion, and Foreign Markets” vision.
• India’s textile exports have already touched ₹3 lakh crore, with a target to triple this to ₹9 lakh crore by 2030. The event highlighted India’s leadership in textile innovation, sustainability, and global trade.

Innovation in the Textile Sector

The Ministry of Textiles, in collaboration with Startup India and DPIIT, has conducted innovation challenges to promote new ideas in textiles. Nine winners were awarded, with six receiving incubation support under the Atal Innovation Mission (AIM). Additionally, three innovation challenges focused on natural fibre solutions:

• NJB Technological Innovation Grand Challenge: 3 winners out of 125 applicants.
• CSB Start-up Grand Challenge: 4 winners out of 58 applicants.
• CWDB Wool Innovation Challenge: 3 winners out of 24 applicants.
  Seventeen of these winners are actively working on textile waste recycling, bio-based fibres, and sustainable garment production, contributing to environmental sustainability.

Cotton Industry in India

• Cotton is a crucial cash crop for India, contributing 24% to global cotton production and supporting millions of farmers. India has the world’s largest cotton acreage but ranks 36th in productivity.
• It is the second-largest producer and consumer of cotton and cultivates all four cotton species: G. Arboreum, G. Herbaceum (Asian cotton), G. Barbadense (Egyptian cotton), and G. Hirsutum (American Upland cotton). Cotton is mainly grown in the Northern, Central, and Southern zones of India.

Government Support for Cotton Industry

To enhance cotton production and farmer benefits, the government has launched several initiatives:

• Minimum Support Price (MSP) Operations to ensure fair prices.
• Cott-Ally mobile app for farmer assistance.
• Aadhar-based farmer registration for MSP benefits.
• E-auctions for transparent cotton sales.
• QR code traceability using Blockchain Technology.
• Kasturi Cotton Bharat program to brand Indian cotton globally.

Silk Industry in India

• Silk, known as the “Queen of Textiles,” is a key sector in India’s textile industry. India is the second-largest silk producer and the largest silk consumer in the world, producing 38,913 metric tons in 2023-24. The country is unique in producing all four commercial silk varieties—Mulberry, Tropical & Oak Tasar, Muga, and Eri. The sericulture industry is highly labor-intensive, providing employment opportunities with minimal investment and high income potential.

Government Initiatives for Silk Industry

• The government supports sericulture through various schemes:
• Central Silk Board (CSB): Established in 1948, it oversees silk industry development.
• Silk Samagra Scheme: Includes sub-plans like the Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCSP) and Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) to promote silk farming. In 2023-24, ₹25 crore was allocated under SCSP and fully utilized.
• Research and Development: Focus on soil testing, organic farming, silkworm by-products, and upgrading reeling technology.
• Promotion of Automatic Reeling Machines: Enhancing productivity and supporting Make in India.
• Product Innovation and Design Development: Encouraging new designs and fabrics for global markets.

Jute Industry in India

• The jute industry plays a significant role in India’s economy, particularly in eastern states like West Bengal. It is a major employment generator, providing livelihoods to workers in organized mills and diversified units while also supporting millions of farm families.
• The government actively promotes the sector through various initiatives aimed at improving productivity, ensuring fair prices for farmers, and expanding the use of jute-based products.

Key Highlights of the Jute Industry

• Provides direct employment to 4 lakh workers in organized mills and diversified units.
• Supports 40 lakh farm families engaged in jute cultivation.
• India has 116 composite jute mills, with West Bengal housing 86 of them, making it the hub of jute production.
• The Jute Corporation of India conducts Minimum Support Price (MSP) operations to ensure fair prices for jute farmers.
• The government directly purchases jute sacking, boosting demand for raw jute.
• The average land area under jute and mesta cultivation is 799 thousand hectares (based on the last four years).
• Annual production of raw jute and mesta averages 10,990 thousand bales over the last four years.
• India exports an average of 133 thousand metric tons (MT) of jute goods annually, valued at ₹21,150 million per year.
• The Jute-ICARE scheme has been launched to enhance fibre quality, reduce production costs, and improve farmer incomes.
• The National Jute Board is the primary agency implementing government schemes for jute sector development.

Conclusion

• The Make in India initiative has significantly strengthened India’s textile and jute industries through strategic policies, infrastructure growth, and investment promotion. With continued government support and industry expansion, India is well-positioned to emerge as a global textile leader, fostering economic growth and employment.

3) India’s Mangrove Conservation

GS 3: Environment and Biodiversity: Mangrove conservation

Introduction

• Mangroves are salt-tolerant plant communities found in tropical and subtropical intertidal zones. These ecosystems thrive in high-rainfall areas with temperatures ranging from 26°C to 35°C. Mangrove species are adapted to survive in waterlogged soils, high salinity, and frequent tidal surges.
• They serve as crucial biodiversity refuges and act as bio-shields against extreme climatic events, including cyclones and coastal erosion. Furthermore, rural populations rely on mangroves for biomass-based livelihoods.

India’s Progress in Mangrove Conservation

• India has made significant strides in mangrove conservation, backed by a robust regulatory framework and targeted initiatives. According to the India State of Forest Report 2023 (ISFR-2023), India’s total mangrove cover stands at 4,991.68 sq. km, making up 0.15% of the nation’s geographical area.
• Between 2013 and 2023, there has been a net increase of 363.68 sq. km (7.86%) in mangrove cover. Notably, between 2001 and 2023, there was a 11.4% increase, with 509.68 sq. km added.
• West Bengal holds the largest share of India’s mangrove forests, accounting for 42.45% of the total cover, followed by Gujarat (23.32%) and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (12.19%).
• Gujarat, in particular, has recorded an impressive increase of 253.06 sq. km in mangrove cover between 2001 and 2023, thanks to large-scale plantations, community participation, and public-private partnerships.

Key Regulatory Measures

India has enacted several stringent laws to ensure mangrove protection:

• The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2019, categorizes mangroves as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs), restricting activities within a 50-meter buffer zone where mangrove cover exceeds 1,000 sq. m.
• Compensatory replantation is mandated at a 3:1 ratio if mangroves are impacted by development.
• Mangroves are further protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Indian Forest Act, 1927, and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

Promotional Initiatives and Achievements

India has launched several significant initiatives for mangrove restoration and conservation:

Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tangible Incomes (MISHTI):

• Launched on June 5, 2023, this initiative aims to restore and afforest 540 sq. km of mangroves across nine coastal states and four Union Territories.
• The initiative is funded through the National Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA), with ₹17.96 crore allocated for FY 2024–25.

National Coastal Mission – Conservation of Mangroves and Coral Reefs:

• This mission focuses on conserving 38 mangrove sites and four coral reef sites across India, with financial assistance provided on a 60:40 cost-sharing model between the Centre and States.
• A total of ₹8.58 crore was released for mangrove conservation in 2021–2023.

GCF-ECRICC Project (Green Climate Fund – Enhancing Coastal Resilience of Indian Coastal Community):

• Active since 2019, the project aims to restore and conserve 10,575 hectares of mangroves in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha. As of 2024, 3,114.29 hectares have been successfully restored.

Why Mangroves matter

The Importance of Mangroves

• Mangroves are often referred to as nature’s carbon vaults. According to the World Wildlife Fund, they store 7.5 to 10 times more carbon per acre than tropical forests. Their destruction contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, with mangroves accounting for about 10% of emissions from deforestation.
• These coastal forests hold over 21 gigatons of carbon, 87% of which is locked in the soil beneath their roots. Restoring just 1.6 million acres of lost mangrove forests could capture an additional 1 gigaton of carbon.

Conclusion

• Mangrove conservation in India has been greatly strengthened through a mix of effective policies, community participation, and national initiatives. As coastal communities like Navghar show, the revival of mangroves can not only protect the environment but also provide sustainable livelihoods.
• India’s commitment to restoring these vital ecosystems is not only vital for the health of its coastline but also for the global fight against climate change. By prioritizing the restoration of mangroves, India is paving the way for a more resilient and sustainable future for its coastal populations.

4) India Sets Historic Record in Renewable Energy Capacity Addition for FY 2024-25

GS 3: Economy: Renewable energy capacity addition

Context

• India has achieved a historic milestone in renewable energy capacity addition, with 25 GW of renewable energy added during FY 2024-25, marking a 35% increase compared to the previous year’s 18.57 GW. This achievement underscores the nation’s commitment to sustainable energy, spearheaded by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

Solar Sector Leads Growth

• The solar power sector was the driving force behind this surge, with capacity additions increasing by 38%, from 15 GW in FY24 to nearly 21 GW in FY25. India also surpassed 100 GW of installed solar capacity this year, a significant achievement in its renewable energy journey.

Boost to Domestic Solar Manufacturing

• In line with its self-reliance goals, India’s solar manufacturing capacity saw substantial growth. Solar module manufacturing capacity nearly doubled from 38 GW in March 2024 to 74 GW in March 2025, while PV cell manufacturing capacity tripled from 9 GW to 25 GW.
• The country also launched its first ingot-wafer manufacturing facility, contributing to job creation and economic growth.

PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana’s Impact

• The PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana made significant strides, benefiting over 11 lakh households by March 2025. A total of ₹5,437.20 crore in Central Financial Assistance was disbursed to nearly 7 lakh beneficiaries, promoting widespread adoption of rooftop solar.

Green Hydrogen Sector Gains Traction

• India’s Green Hydrogen sector also made impressive strides, with ₹2,220 crore allocated for electrolyser manufacturing and ₹2,239 crore for Green Hydrogen production.
• The National Green Hydrogen Mission funded seven pilot projects in the steel sector and five in the transport sector, laying the groundwork for decarbonization.

Record Progress Under PM-KUSUM Scheme

• The PM-KUSUM Scheme saw record progress, with 4.4 lakh pumps installed and 2.6 lakh pumps solarized in FY25. This marked a dramatic increase from the previous year, with the total number of solar pumps exceeding 10 lakhs. Financial expenditure for the scheme reached ₹2,680 crore, a 268% increase from FY24.

IREDA’s Role in Clean Energy Financing

• The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) played a pivotal role in financing clean energy projects, with a 27% increase in loan sanctions, totalling ₹47,453 crore. Loan disbursements also rose by 20%, reaching ₹30,168 crore in FY25.

A Bright Future for India’s Renewable Energy Sector

• Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy, Shri Prahlad Joshi, highlighted India’s growing position as a global leader in renewable energy, with the nation on track to become the third-largest renewable energy capacity holder worldwide.
• These milestones reaffirm India’s commitment to a sustainable energy future and its leadership in the global clean energy transition.

5) Building Bharat: Powering Infrastructure Through Make in India

GS 3: Economy: India’s infrastructure

Context

• India’s infrastructure is undergoing a transformative shift, driven by the Make in India initiative. Focused on strengthening transportation, logistics, and urban facilities, major projects like Bharatmala Pariyojana, Sagarmala, Smart Cities Mission, and PM Gati Shakti are enhancing connectivity and efficiency.
• Iconic achievements such as the Atal Tunnel, Chenab Bridge, Statue of Unity, and Zojila Tunnel showcase India’s engineering capabilities. With the expansion of freight corridors, modern airports, and renewable energy grids, Make in India is not only reshaping the physical landscape but also fostering investment, job creation, and innovation, positioning India for a sustainable, interconnected future.

Economic Acceleration: Driving Growth Through Infrastructure

• India’s economic acceleration is being propelled by strategic infrastructure initiatives, with Make in India at the core of strengthening domestic manufacturing and industrial growth.
• The National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP) is creating world-class manufacturing hubs, while PM Gati Shakti enhances multimodal connectivity through data-driven planning. These initiatives foster seamless logistics, boost competitiveness, and position India as a global economic powerhouse.

1) National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP)

• The National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP) is a transformative initiative aimed at developing world-class industrial infrastructure and promoting planned urbanization across India. The program integrates smart technologies and multimodal connectivity to create globally competitive manufacturing hubs while driving economic growth and employment opportunities. In collaboration with State Governments, the industrial corridors are being developed to ensure efficient planning and execution.

Key developments include:

• In August 2024, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved 12 new industrial areas across 10 states under NICDP, with an investment of ₹28,602 crore.
• These industrial nodes, planned along six major corridors, will strengthen India’s manufacturing ecosystem and enhance its global competitiveness.

2) PM Gati Shakti: Enhancing Multimodal Connectivity

• Launched in 2021, PM Gati Shakti – National Master Plan for Multimodal Connectivity, strengthens Make in India’s vision by ensuring world-class infrastructure that supports manufacturing and economic growth. This digital platform facilitates coordination across 16 ministries, including Railways and Roadways, integrating geospatial mapping and data-driven decision-making to optimize logistics and reduce project delays. The initiative streamlines connectivity, boosts industrial corridors, improves supply chains, and attracts investment in key sectors.
• As of March 13, 2025, 115 National Highway and road projects covering approximately 13,500 km, with an investment of ₹6.38 lakh crore, have been evaluated under the initiative, contributing to more efficient infrastructure development.

3) Road and Maritime Connectivity: Strengthening Logistics and Trade

• Strengthening India’s road and maritime infrastructure is key to the Make in India vision, ensuring seamless connectivity for industries and driving economic growth. Strategic initiatives like Bharatmala and Sagarmala are enhancing freight movement, improving logistics efficiency, and modernizing transport networks to support India’s manufacturing and trade ambitions.

4) Bharatmala Pariyojana: Advancing Road Infrastructure

• Bharatmala Pariyojana is advancing India’s infrastructure by addressing critical gaps through the development of economic corridors, expressways, and connectivity roads.
• The program aims to improve logistics efficiency and foster industrial growth by connecting key hubs with safer, more reliable transportation networks. Since its approval in 2017, Bharatmala has made significant progress:

1. I) As of February 28, 2025, 26,425 km of projects have been awarded under the planned 34,800 km, with 19,826 km already constructed, totaling ₹4,92,562 crore in expenditure.
2. II) As of February 2025, 6,669 km of high-speed greenfield corridors have been awarded, of which 4,610 km have been completed.

5) National Highway Network: Expanding Connectivity

• India’s National Highway network has seen remarkable growth over the past decade, driven by higher budget allocations and accelerated construction. The network expanded from 91,287 km in 2014 to 1,46,145 km in 2024, marking a 60% increase.
• This expansion has significantly improved connectivity, reduced travel time, and stimulated economic activities across the country.

6) Sagarmala: Revolutionizing Port-Led Development

• Launched in 2015, the Sagarmala Programme aligns with the Make in India vision by focusing on port-led development to harness the potential of India’s extensive coastline and navigable waterways.
• This program aims to enhance India’s manufacturing and export capabilities by reducing logistics costs for both domestic and international trade. It focuses on improving port infrastructure, connectivity, and creating coastal economic zones to support the growth of the manufacturing sector.

Key developments under Sagarmala include:

• As of March 19, 2025, 839 projects worth ₹5.79 lakh crore have been identified, with 272 projects completed and ₹1.41 lakh crore invested.
• Enhanced port connectivity and coastal infrastructure have bolstered maritime trade efficiency.

Rail Infrastructure: Modernizing Transit and Expanding Networks

• India’s rail infrastructure has undergone significant advancements, strengthening connectivity, security, and urban mobility. Flagship initiatives such as Vande Bharat trains and metro rail expansion have modernized transit hubs, enhanced passenger experience, and ensured seamless travel.
• The expansion of the railway network underscores the commitment to inclusive growth and efficient transportation.

1) Vande Bharat Trains: A Step Towards Modernization

• Launched in 2019, Vande Bharat trains exemplify the Make in India vision by showcasing the nation’s engineering capabilities in railway modernization. As the first-ever indigenously designed and manufactured semi-high-speed trains, they feature modern coaches, advanced safety features, and enhanced passenger amenities.
• With automatic plug doors, ergonomic reclining seats, and mobile charging sockets, these trains ensure a premium travel experience.

Since its introduction:

• 136 Vande Bharat trains are operating across India as of March 18, 2025, offering world-class travel experiences.
• Operational schedules include 122 services running six days a week, with others operating on a weekly or tri-weekly basis.

2) Amrit Bharat Station Scheme: Modernizing Railway Stations

• The Amrit Bharat Station Scheme is a long-term initiative to modernize railway stations across India, focusing on passenger amenities, multimodal connectivity, and overall infrastructure. As of March 12, 2025, 1,337 stations have been identified for upgradation, ensuring improved accessibility and a seamless travel experience.

3) Metro Rail Expansion: Transforming Urban Mobility

• India’s metro rail system has become an integral part of urban transportation, providing fast, reliable, and eco-friendly alternatives to traditional commuting methods. The metro network’s expansion, along with the introduction of the Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS), enhances regional connectivity and alleviates congestion in major cities.

As of March 2025:

• The metro network has expanded from 248 km in 2014 to 1,011 km, covering over 20 cities.
• The Namo Bharat train, operating on the Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor, exemplifies India’s commitment to modernizing mass transit systems.

Civil Aviation: Expanding Air Connectivity

• India’s aviation sector has witnessed unprecedented growth, positioning the country as the third-largest domestic aviation market globally. The government’s focus on regional connectivity and infrastructure development has boosted economic growth and mobility.

Key milestones include:

• The number of operational airports increased from 74 in 2014 to 159 by March 2025.
• Domestic air passenger traffic surpassed 5 lakhs in a single day on November 17, 2024.
• The number of Flying Training Organizations (FTOs) grew from 29 in 2016 to 38, strengthening pilot training capacity.

Conclusion: A Bright Future for India’s Infrastructure

• India’s infrastructure and construction sectors have been key drivers of the Make in India initiative, creating the backbone for industrial growth and economic expansion.
• Landmark projects in road, rail, maritime, aviation, and urban development have not only improved connectivity and logistics but also elevated the quality of life across rural and urban areas.
• With continued investments in infrastructure and technological innovation, India is poised to unlock new opportunities for industries, boost employment, and accelerate economic progress, solidifying its position as a global manufacturing and logistics hub.

6) Key Concerns and Government Justifications for the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024

GS 2: Polity and Governance: Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024

Why is it in the news?

• The government is set to reintroduce the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, which proposes significant changes to the Waqf Act, 1995. The Bill aims to address issues related to Waqf property management, dispute resolution, and government oversight.
• However, it has faced strong opposition, with critics arguing that it undermines community rights and increases government control over Waqf properties.
• The Bill was first introduced in August 2023 and later reviewed by a parliamentary panel, which cleared 14 amendments despite opposition resistance. Below are the key concerns and the government’s justifications for the proposed changes.

Rationale Behind Amending the Law

• One of the main objections to the Bill is the necessity of amending the existing Waqf Act. Critics, including AIMIM leader Asaduddin Owaisi, argue that the Bill weakens Waqf governance and diminishes Muslim community rights. However, government officials justify the amendment by pointing out loopholes in the 1995 Act, particularly regarding title disputes and illegal occupations of Waqf properties.
• A key issue is the lack of judicial oversight, as Waqf Tribunal decisions cannot be challenged in court. The government also contends that a unified digital database of Waqf properties, mandated by the Bill, will reduce litigation and enhance transparency. Additionally, the constitutional validity of the Waqf Act is currently under challenge in the Delhi High Court, further necessitating reforms.

Concerns Over Government Interference

• A major point of contention is the perceived increase in government control over Waqf properties. The Bill alters Section 40 of the Waqf Act, shifting the power to determine Waqf property status from the Waqf Board and Tribunal to the District Collector.
• It states that any government property identified as Waqf property, before or after the Act’s enactment, will not be considered Waqf unless determined otherwise by the Collector. Until a decision is made, disputed properties will be treated as government land. The government argues that this change prevents the misuse of Waqf laws, as private properties have allegedly been falsely declared as Waqf, leading to legal disputes.
• To address concerns, the parliamentary panel recommended that a more senior state government officer, rather than the District Collector, handle such disputes. The Bill also removes the concept of “Waqf by use,” which allowed a property to be considered Waqf if it had been used as such over time, even without documentation. This omission could make many longstanding Waqf properties suspect in the absence of official records.

Survey of Waqf Properties

• The Bill replaces the Survey Commissioner, previously appointed by the state government, with the District Collector or an officer not below the rank of Deputy Collector. This change is justified by the government as a response to the slow progress of Waqf property surveys.
• In some states like Gujarat and Uttarakhand, surveys have not even begun, while a survey initiated in Uttar Pradesh in 2014 remains incomplete. The government argues that bringing the responsibility under the District Collector will ensure efficiency and accountability.

Changes in Waqf Board Representation

• Another controversial amendment relates to the composition of Waqf Boards. The Bill allows for a non-Muslim Chief Executive Officer and at least two non-Muslim members, appointed by the state government. Critics argue that this change interferes with the Muslim community’s constitutionally protected right to manage its own religious and charitable affairs.
• The government, however, defends this move as a way to introduce expertise and transparency in Waqf management while ensuring that non-Muslim members do not form the majority.
• To further refine this provision, BJP MP Abhijit Gangopadhyay suggested that the state government’s representative on the Board should be a Joint Secretary-level officer handling Waqf matters.

Impact of Removing Limitation Act Protection

• The Bill removes Section 107 of the 1995 Act, which had exempted Waqf properties from the Limitation Act, 1963. This Act sets time limits for legal claims, and its inapplicability to Waqf properties had allowed Waqf Boards to reclaim encroached lands without a statutory time bar.
• The opposition argues that deleting this provision will enable individuals who have illegally occupied Waqf property for over 12 years to claim ownership through adverse possession. This could lead to the loss of significant Waqf lands over time.

Conclusion

• The Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2024, introduces far-reaching changes that aim to improve transparency and governance of Waqf properties but also raise serious concerns about government intervention, community rights, and the potential loss of Waqf land.
• The opposition views it as an attempt to weaken Waqf institutions, while the government insists that it is a necessary reform to prevent misuse, resolve disputes, and streamline property management. As the Bill moves through Parliament, the debate over its impact will continue to be a contentious issue.

7) Vibe Coding: The AI-Driven Approach to Software Development

GS 3: Science and Technology: Simplifying software development

Why is it in the news?

• In February 2025, OpenAI co-founder Andrej Karpathy introduced the concept of “Vibe Coding,” an AI-assisted method of writing code.
• This approach leverages large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Cursor, and Sonnet to generate and debug code with minimal programming expertise, making coding more intuitive and accessible.

What is Vibe Coding?

• Vibe coding is a prompt-driven technique where users describe the functionality they need in plain language, and AI tools generate the corresponding code. Instead of following structured programming logic, this method focuses on intuitive interactions, making it ideal for creative, low-risk, and personal projects.

The process involves:

• The user providing a natural-language prompt.
• AI generating code and suggesting fixes.
• The user copying, pasting, and executing the code with minimal debugging or deeper understanding.

Advantages of Vibe Coding

• Accessibility for Non-Programmers – Enables individuals without formal coding experience to develop apps and websites.
• Encourages Creativity & Experimentation – Facilitates rapid prototyping and iterative testing, exposing users to various programming concepts.
• Saves Time for Developers – Helps automate repetitive tasks, debug minor issues, and generate boilerplate code efficiently.
• Gateway to Learning – Sparks curiosity in beginners, providing an entry point into structured programming.

Challenges and Concerns

• Code Quality & Efficiency Issues – AI-generated code can be inefficient, redundant, and harder to maintain.
• Security Risks – Unverified AI-generated code may introduce vulnerabilities.
• Lack of Understanding – Users relying on AI may struggle with debugging or modifying the code later. The tendency to “accept all” AI-generated suggestions increases risks.
• Ethical & Legal Concerns – Raises plagiarism issues in hackathons and job applications.
• Unsuitable for Critical Systems – Not reliable for enterprise, medical, financial, or industrial applications that require precision and stability.

Will Vibe Coding Replace Traditional Programming?

Despite advancements in AI-driven coding tools, they remain limited due to:

• Lack of deep contextual understanding.
• Difficulty in maintaining long-term codebases.
• Experimental and error-prone nature.

While vibe coding simplifies software development and enhances accessibility, it is unlikely to replace traditional programming, particularly in high-stakes applications requiring precision and structured logic. Instead, it serves as a complementary tool that democratizes coding and streamlines routine tasks.

8) Neuralink’s ‘Blindsight’ Chip: Restoring Vision Through Brain-Computer Interfaces

GS 3: Science and Technology: Brain-Computer Interfaces

Context

• Neuralink, the brain-chip company founded by Elon Musk, has announced plans to initiate human trials of its visual prosthesis device, ‘Blindsight’, by the end of 2025.
• This cutting-edge Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) aims to restore vision in individuals with total blindness by directly stimulating the brain’s visual cortex, bypassing the eyes and optic nerves.

Understanding ‘Blindsight’

• Blindsight is an experimental neuro-prosthetic that employs a microelectrode array implanted in the brain’s visual cortex to interpret visual data. Instead of relying on the optic nerve, it processes input from an external camera feed, stimulating neurons to create an artificial perception of images. This innovation offers a potential breakthrough for individuals with severe visual impairment.

What are Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs)?

• BCIs are advanced systems that decode brain signals, analyze them, and convert them into commands for external devices. Unlike traditional motor-based interactions, BCIs enable users to control technology using only brain activity.

Types of BCIs

• Invasive BCIs – Require surgical implantation of electrodes directly into the brain, offering precise signals but posing surgical risks.
• Non-Invasive BCIs – Use external sensors (e.g., EEG headsets) to capture brain activity, ensuring safety but with reduced accuracy.
• Partially Invasive BCIs – Electrodes are placed inside the skull but remain outside brain tissue, balancing signal quality and safety.

Applications and Associated Challenges

Medical and Assistive Technologies

• BCIs assist individuals with paralysis, spinal cord injuries, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders (ALS, Parkinson’s disease) by enabling communication and mobility. However, invasive implants face biocompatibility challenges, while non-invasive approaches struggle with signal accuracy.

Cognitive and Mental Health Interventions

• BCIs are being explored for neurofeedback therapies to aid conditions like ADHD and PTSD and for memory enhancement. However, ethical concerns regarding cognitive manipulation and privacy risks pose hurdles to wider acceptance.

Education and Learning Enhancement

• By tracking cognitive engagement, BCIs could enable personalized learning experiences. However, concerns over data privacy, ethical use, and standardization limit widespread deployment in academic settings.

Military and Defense Applications

• Potential uses include brain-controlled drones, cognitive monitoring of soldiers, and real-time decision-making support. However, these applications raise concerns about military ethics, surveillance risks, and battlefield automation.

Smart Homes and IoT Integration

• BCIs allow users to control smart devices, wheelchairs, and robotic assistants using brain signals, improving accessibility. However, challenges like latency, high costs, and integration complexities remain key barriers.

Neuroscience and Research Advancements

• BCIs facilitate brain mapping and neural studies, helping researchers understand cognition, consciousness, and neurological disorders. However, they require high-precision data and long-term research investments.

Key Challenges in BCI Adoption

Despite their transformative potential, BCIs face several obstacles:

• High Costs – Development and deployment remain expensive, limiting accessibility.
• Lack of Trained Experts – Requires specialized professionals in neuroscience, AI, and biomedical engineering.
• Regulatory and Ethical Concerns – Data privacy, informed consent, and long-term health impacts need careful evaluation.
• Security Risks – Brain data security remains a major concern against hacking and misuse.

Conclusion

• While Neuralink’s ‘Blindsight’ represents a significant milestone in vision restoration technology, broader adoption of BCIs requires addressing technical, ethical, and accessibility challenges.
• With ongoing advancements, BCIs have the potential to revolutionize medicine, communication, defense, and human-computer interaction, paving the way for a future where the brain directly interfaces with technology.