1) Trump’s Withdrawal from the Iran Nuclear Deal and the Push for Renegotiation

GS 2: International Relations: Iran Nuclear Deal

Context

• In 2015, Iran and major world powers, including the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, Germany, and the European Union, signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), commonly known as the Iran nuclear deal.
• Under this agreement, Iran received sanctions relief in exchange for restricting its nuclear program. It agreed to limit uranium enrichment to 3.67%, a level sufficient for civilian energy purposes but unsuitable for nuclear weapons. Additionally, Iran committed to a monitoring roadmap with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Why Did Trump Withdraw in 2018?

• In 2018, then-President Donald Trump unilaterally withdrew the U.S. from the JCPOA, calling it “one of the worst and most one-sided transactions.” His decision was part of a broader effort to undo key policies from the Obama administration.
• Trump criticized the deal for failing to address Iran’s ballistic missile program and regional proxy groups—issues that were central to the opposition from Saudi Arabia and Israel.
• Despite Iran’s compliance with the JCPOA, as confirmed by the IAEA and UN Security Council Resolution 2231, Trump reinstated sanctions targeting Iran’s energy, petrochemical, and financial sectors. The European Union attempted to uphold the deal by enforcing a Blocking Statute to protect European businesses from U.S. sanctions.
• However, most companies chose to withdraw from Iran, leading to a decline in trade and investment. In response, Iran began rolling back its commitments in 2019 while still remaining a formal participant in the deal.

The Fate of the JCPOA After 2018

• The JCPOA is set to technically expire in October 2025, but U.S. sanctions and Iran’s gradual non-compliance have significantly weakened the agreement. The Biden administration attempted indirect negotiations with Iran in 2021, but despite nearing a breakthrough in 2022, talks failed to produce a renewed deal.
• Meanwhile, Iran’s economy deteriorated further, with its currency plunging and public dissatisfaction rising, particularly after the death of Mahsa Amini in 2022.
• Simultaneously, Iran expanded its nuclear activities, especially following the 2020 assassination of its top nuclear scientist, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh. By 2021, Iran announced uranium enrichment levels of 61%, citing Israeli sabotage at its Natanz facility.
• By 2023, negotiations had effectively collapsed. Iran’s support for Russia in the Ukraine war and escalating tensions in Gaza in late 2023 further complicated diplomatic efforts. The IAEA repeatedly warned of Iran’s increasing production of near-weapons-grade uranium and a lack of transparency in its nuclear program.
• Israel-Iran hostilities in 2024 further heightened regional tensions, prompting calls for diplomatic de-escalation.

Trump’s Renewed Push for a Deal

• By late 2024, Iran’s economic crisis had worsened, with newly elected President Masoud Pezeshkian highlighting severe financial and resource imbalances. This economic downturn likely prompted Iran’s willingness to re-engage with the U.S. Iran’s government has since signalled openness to dialogue through indirect diplomatic channels and official statements seeking sanctions relief.
• Despite financial pressures and Israeli military actions, Iran continues to wield regional influence through its proxy forces, such as the Houthis, who have disrupted global trade and targeted Arab energy infrastructure.
• Meanwhile, shifting alliances in the Gulf, driven by Israel’s declining popularity in the Arab world, have created a new geopolitical landscape. Unlike his first term, when Saudi-Iran tensions were at their peak, Trump now faces a more complex Middle East.
• Trump’s latest remarks about renegotiating the deal must be seen in this context. If Iran engages in talks, it could lead to new U.S. diplomatic concessions to Israel regarding Palestine.
• Trump has already bypassed Israel to negotiate directly with Hamas over hostage releases, and addressing Iran’s nuclear threat would be a major foreign policy achievement. However, deep distrust remains between Washington and Tehran, as both conservative and reformist factions in Iran blame Trump for dismantling the JCPOA.

Challenges in Renegotiation

• The 2015 JCPOA was never designed to permanently prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons. Its “sunset clauses,” which remove restrictions on centrifuges after ten years and on low-enriched uranium after fifteen, were a major point of contention for Trump.
• Any new U.S. proposal that eliminates these clauses or imposes stricter conditions would significantly reduce the chances of an agreement. Given the strained relations and shifting geopolitical landscape, the likelihood of a successful renegotiation remains uncertain.

2) Language Policy under NEP 2020

GS 2: Polity and Governance: Promoting Multilingualism   

Context

• The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, formulated after five years of consultations, replaced the 1986 policy and introduced significant changes in language instruction.
• It mandates that, wherever possible, the medium of instruction in both public and private schools should be in the home language, mother tongue, or local/regional language at least until Grade 5, preferably continuing till Grade 8 and beyond.
• Even after this stage, the local or home language should continue as a subject where feasible. The policy, led by former ISRO chairman K. Kasturirangan, emphasizes that young children learn better in their mother tongue.
• Research cited in NEP 2020 highlights that children grasp languages quickly between ages two and eight and that multilingualism has cognitive benefits. The policy encourages bilingualism, particularly the use of the mother tongue alongside English, starting from the foundational stage of education.

Findings of the All India School Education Survey (AISES)

• The eighth All India School Education Survey (AISES), conducted by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), is the latest national-level survey on language instruction.
• It found a decline in the number of schools teaching in the mother tongue over the years. The percentage of primary schools using the mother tongue as the medium of instruction dropped from 92.07% in the seventh AISES to 86.62% in the eighth.
• The survey also highlighted an urban-rural divide: in rural areas, the percentage fell from 92.39% to 87.56%, while in urban areas, it declined from 90.39% to 80.99%. This trend indicates a shift toward English and other dominant languages in school education.

The Three-Language Formula

• The NEP 2020 revises the three-language formula first introduced in 1968, which required Hindi, English, and a modern Indian language (preferably a southern language) in Hindi-speaking states and Hindi, English, and a regional language in non-Hindi-speaking states.
• The new policy claims to offer more flexibility and ensures that no language will be imposed on any state. However, it strongly promotes Sanskrit, advocating its inclusion as an option in the three-language formula.
• Additionally, NEP 2020 recommends that classical languages such as Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Pali, Persian, and Prakrit be available as language options for students.

Mother Tongue Learning and Educational Resources

• To strengthen mother tongue-based education, NEP 2020 calls for the development of high-quality textbooks, including science books, in regional languages.
• In line with this, the NCERT released digital textbooks in 104 regional languages and dialects in 2024, covering languages such as Bengali, Khandeshi, Tulu, Ladakhi, Pashto, Bhili, Dogri, Lahuli (Pattani), and Car Nicobarese.
• The responsibility for translating these books into respective regional languages lies with the State Councils of Educational Research and Training (SCERTs). Several states have already taken steps in this direction.
• For instance, Assam launched bilingual textbooks in Science and Mathematics in Assamese, Bodo, Bengali, and English, while Andhra Pradesh introduced Telugu-English bilingual textbooks in 2023.

Challenges in Implementing the Three-Language Formula

• Despite the NEP’s provisions, the implementation of the three-language formula remains inconsistent across states. Some states have struggled to offer certain languages due to a lack of teachers. For example, in Haryana, Tamil was made the second language in 1969 but was removed in 2010 due to a lack of Tamil speakers.
• Similarly, in Himachal Pradesh, state education officials have been unable to introduce Telugu and Tamil as language options due to a shortage of qualified teachers.

Foreign Language Education

• NEP 2020 also promotes the learning of foreign languages at the secondary level. Languages such as Korean, Japanese, Thai, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, and Russian will be introduced as optional subjects.
• As per the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) plan, students are required to study two Indian languages until Class 10. In Classes 11 and 12, they can opt to study one Indian language along with a foreign language.

Conclusion

• The NEP 2020 aims to promote multilingualism and enhance regional language education, but challenges in implementation, particularly regarding the three-language formula and teacher availability, continue to persist.

3) From Democracy to Emocracy: The Rising Influence of Emotions in Governance

GS 2: Polity and Governance: Safeguarding democratic integrity

Why is it in the news?

• The Vice-President of India recently called for a national discussion on the transition from ‘Democracy to Emocracy,’ emphasizing how emotion-driven policies and debates could weaken the core principles of democracy.

What is Emocracy?

• Democracy is traditionally founded on logical reasoning, informed debate, and an aware citizenry. Ideally, policies should be developed through evidence-based discussions, expert insights, and rational decision-making.
• However, in an ‘emocracy’—a fusion of ‘emotion’ and ‘democracy’—governance is increasingly shaped by emotional appeals, viral narratives, and psychological influence. This shift is evident worldwide, from the rise of populist leaders to emotionally charged political movements such as Brexit.

Comparing Democracy and Emocracy

Factors Driving the Shift to Emocracy

Social Media and Digital Influence

• Social media platforms amplify sensational content, making emotionally charged narratives more influential than fact-based discussions. Unlike traditional media, which follows journalistic ethics and fact-checking, social media enables the rapid spread of misinformation.

Political Rhetoric and Propaganda

• Political campaigns increasingly rely on emotionally charged narratives, often invoking nationalism, religious sentiments, or historical grievances to mobilize voters rather than focusing on evidence-based governance.

Identity Politics and Electoral Strategy

• Political leaders have realized that appealing to caste, religion, region, and ethnicity can secure mass support. This approach often leads to governance focused on emotional appeasement rather than developmental priorities.

Affirmative Action vs. Appeasement

• While provisions for marginalized communities (under Articles 14, 15, and 16) are necessary for social equity, emotionally driven policies risk transforming affirmative action into political appeasement.

Challenges of Emotion-Driven Policies

Populism and Fiscal Instability

• Populist leaders prioritize emotionally appealing policies over economic prudence. For instance, several Indian states, including Punjab and Maharashtra, have implemented farm loan waivers in response to protests.
• However, RBI data (2023) shows that only 30% of small farmers benefit, while these waivers create long-term financial stress on state budgets.

Legal and Constitutional Risks

• Emotionally motivated policies sometimes bypass due process, leading to flawed laws.
• Example: The 2016 demonetization move aimed to curb black money but caused short-term economic distress. NSSO data (2018) revealed a loss of 1.5 million informal sector jobs. While the Supreme Court upheld its legality (2023), its implementation was criticized.

Economic Instability and Resource Misallocation

• Emotionally driven policies can result in inefficient use of resources, disrupting market confidence and investment.
• Example: Free electricity schemes in states like Delhi and Punjab, while politically popular, have significantly increased power sector debts, as noted in the CAG Report (2021).

Social Polarization and Governance Paralysis

• Emotion-driven policies can deepen divisions within society, making consensus-based policymaking difficult.
• Example: The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) (2019) sparked nationwide protests over concerns of religious discrimination, delaying the implementation of the NRC process.

Short-Term Crisis Management vs. Long-Term Planning

• Crisis-driven emotional policymaking often lacks foresight.
• Example: The sudden COVID-19 lockdown (2020) left millions of migrant workers stranded. CMIE data (2021) shows that 75 million people lost jobs due to inadequate planning. In contrast, countries like Germany and South Korea adopted phased lockdowns with social security measures, minimizing economic disruptions.

The Positive Role of Emotion in Policy

Addressing Social Injustices

• Emotionally driven policies can be essential in correcting historical injustices and ensuring social equity.
• Example: Affirmative action policies for SCs, STs, and OBCs have improved social mobility. A NITI Aayog Report (2023) highlights that literacy rates among these communities have risen due to reservation policies in education.

Swift Decision-Making in Emergencies

• Emotional responses are necessary in crises to ensure rapid action.
• Example: During the pandemic, the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY) benefited 80 million people by providing essential relief.

Fostering National Identity and Unity

• Emotionally driven initiatives can strengthen national identity and cohesion.
• Example: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, despite criticisms of being symbolic, significantly improved rural sanitation awareness. A UNICEF Study (2021) found a 60% reduction in open defecation due to behavioural changes.

The Way Forward

Promoting Evidence-Based Governance

• Policies should be formulated using economic, scientific, and social research rather than emotional impulses.
• Example: Kerala’s Nava Keralam Mission focuses on health and education reforms based on real-time data analysis.

Regulating Misinformation on Digital Platforms

• While free speech is vital, social media must adopt stricter regulations to curb misinformation and hate speech.

Reviving Rational Public Discourse

• Universities, think tanks, and civil society organizations should promote logical debates and fact-based policy discussions.

Institutional Reforms for Policy Scrutiny

• Major policies should undergo rigorous assessment before implementation to avoid reactionary decisions.
• Example: The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act prevents reckless government spending.
• 2nd ARC Recommendation: Institutionalize Impact Assessment Committees to evaluate long-term policy consequences before rollout.

Conclusion

• While emotions are a natural part of human decision-making, governance must strike a balance between emotional appeal and rational policymaking.
• Ensuring that policies are driven by evidence, long-term planning, and constitutional principles will safeguard democratic integrity while addressing social concerns effectively.

4) India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR-XII

GS 2: International Relations: Defence cooperation

Why is it in the news?

• The 12th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR-XII will be held in Kyrgyzstan from 10 to 23 March 2025.
• Initiated in 2011, the annual exercise alternates between both nations, reflecting their strong strategic partnership. The previous edition took place in India in January 2024.

More about the news

• The Indian Army will be represented by troops from The Parachute Regiment (Special Forces), while the Kyrgyzstan contingent will include the Kyrgyz Scorpion Brigade.
• The exercise aims to enhance cooperation in counterterrorism and special operations in urban and high-altitude terrains. Training will focus on sniping, complex building intervention, and mountain warfare.
• Apart from military drills, cultural exchanges, including the celebration of Nowruz, will strengthen bilateral ties. This exercise reinforces defence cooperation between India and Kyrgyzstan, addressing global security challenges like terrorism and extremism while promoting regional stability.

5) India’s Legacy in UN Peacekeeping: Leadership, Commitment, and Sacrifice

GS 2: International Relations: India’s contribution to UN Peacekeeping

Context

• Since its establishment in 1945, the United Nations (UN) has played a crucial role in maintaining global peace and security. UN peacekeeping has become a vital mechanism for conflict resolution, and India has been one of its most significant contributors.
• With over 2,90,000 personnel serving in more than 50 UN missions, India has consistently demonstrated its commitment to international peace. Presently, over 5,000 Indian peacekeepers are deployed across nine active missions, operating in challenging conditions to restore stability in conflict zones.
• The iconic Blue Helmets symbolize UN peacekeeping, chosen in 1947 to represent peace, in contrast to the colour red, often associated with war. India’s contributions have been recognized globally, with the country receiving the UN’s highest peacekeeping honour, the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal in 2023.
• This was awarded posthumously to Indian peacekeepers Shishupal Singh, Sanwala Ram Vishnoi, and UN civilian worker Shaber Taher Ali for their sacrifice in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

India’s Leadership in Peacekeeping

• India remains at the forefront of global peacekeeping efforts, not just through its deployments but also in shaping policies. From 24th–25th February 2025, India hosted the ‘Conference on Women Peacekeepers from the Global South’ at the Centre of United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK) in New Delhi.
• This event brought together women peacekeepers from 35 nations to discuss strategies for enhancing female participation in peacekeeping operations. The conference highlighted India’s leadership in promoting gender-inclusive peacekeeping and strengthening the role of women in conflict resolution.

Understanding UN Peacekeeping

• UN peacekeeping operates as a key tool for maintaining global peace and stability, complementing other UN efforts such as conflict prevention, peace enforcement, and peacebuilding.
• Initially designed to monitor ceasefires and peace agreements, modern peacekeeping has evolved into a multidimensional effort involving military, political, and humanitarian components.

Peacekeeping missions today focus on:

• Facilitating Political Processes: Supporting negotiations and governance structures.
• Protecting Civilians: Ensuring the safety of vulnerable populations.
• Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR): Assisting former combatants in transitioning to civilian life.
• Election Support: Organizing and overseeing democratic elections.
• Human Rights and Rule of Law: Promoting justice, accountability, and governance reforms.

Role and Evolution of Peacekeeping

• Initially, UN peacekeeping was limited to unarmed military observers monitoring ceasefires. However, the post-Cold War era saw a major transformation, with the UN expanding its operations to address internal conflicts, governance crises, and humanitarian challenges. Modern peacekeeping missions are increasingly involved in nation-building, electoral assistance, and countering violent extremism.
• While primarily aimed at maintaining peace, peacekeepers now also engage in conflict resolution, peace enforcement, and early recovery efforts. In some cases, they are authorized to use force to protect civilians, enforce mandates, and ensure security in regions where host governments lack control.
• The failures of missions in Rwanda and Bosnia led to crucial reforms, including the Brahimi Report (2000), which emphasized robust mandates and improved resources. Additionally, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine shaped modern interventions, focusing on civilian protection, gender inclusion, and regional partnerships.

India’s Contribution to UN Peacekeeping

• India has played a crucial role in UN peacekeeping since its first participation in the Korean War in 1953. Guided by the principle of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (The whole world is one family) and its deep-rooted commitment to non-violence, India has consistently aligned with the UN’s efforts to promote global peace.
• This philosophy, championed by Mahatma Gandhi, has shaped India’s foreign policy and strengthened its resolve to contribute to international stability.
• Since the 1950s, India has deployed over 2,90,000 peacekeepers across more than 50 UN missions, making it the largest troop-contributing nation to UN peacekeeping efforts. Currently, over 5,000 Indian troops are serving in nine active missions, often in conflict-ridden regions.
• India’s dedication has come at a cost, with nearly 180 Indian peacekeepers sacrificing their lives, underscoring their unwavering bravery and commitment to global peace.

India’s Support to the Global South

• Beyond its direct contributions to peacekeeping missions, India actively helps Global South nations build their peacekeeping capacities.
• Through the Centre for UN Peacekeeping (CUNPK), India conducts training and capacity-building programs, including specialized courses for women peacekeepers, such as those organized for ASEAN nations in 2023.
• By prioritizing South-South cooperation, India reaffirms its leadership in strengthening peace and security in the developing world.
• Indian peacekeepers have served in challenging environments across the globe, bringing expertise in humanitarian aid, conflict resolution, and infrastructure development. Their work has been instrumental in securing post-conflict regions, supporting democratic institutions, and promoting civilian welfare.

Promoting Gender Parity and Humanitarian Aid

• India has been a strong advocate for gender inclusion in peacekeeping, actively promoting female participation in UN missions. Indian women peacekeepers, particularly Formed Police Units (FPUs), have set an example in conflict resolution, humanitarian aid, and rebuilding war-torn communities.
• Additionally, Indian Army Veterinary Detachments have provided crucial assistance in several UN missions, enhancing civil-military cooperation and humanitarian outreach.

Indigenous Equipment for Peacekeeping

• To enhance the efficiency and resilience of Indian contingents, the Indian Army has deployed state-of-the-art, indigenously manufactured equipment and vehicles.
• These systems, built in India, have been tested in harsh climates, tough terrains, and complex operational environments, ensuring that Indian peacekeeping forces remain well-equipped for their missions.

Women in Peacekeeping

• Women play a crucial role in conflict resolution, community engagement, and peacebuilding. Their participation enhances access to local populations, particularly women and children, fostering trust and promoting inclusive peace processes.
• Female peacekeepers also play a key role in preventing sexual violence and supporting community-driven security solutions. Despite their contributions, women remain underrepresented in peacekeeping missions, highlighting the need for greater gender inclusivity.

Gender Disparity in Peacekeeping

• Women constitute less than 10% of the UN’s 70,000 uniformed peacekeepers, including military personnel, police officers, and observers. Recognizing this gap, the UN has set ambitious targets under its Uniformed Gender Parity Strategy, aiming for 15% female representation in military contingents and 25% in police units by 2028.
• Efforts to improve gender inclusivity have progressed, but challenges remain in achieving a balanced presence of women in peacekeeping operations.

Key Resolutions Supporting Women in Peacekeeping

• The push for gender inclusivity began in 2000 with UN Security Council Resolution 1325, which acknowledged women’s essential role in conflict prevention, peace negotiations, and post-conflict rebuilding.
• Subsequent resolutions—1820, 1888, 1889, 2122, and 2242—reinforced this stance by emphasizing the need for women’s leadership in peacekeeping and taking firm action against conflict-related sexual violence.

Progress in Women’s Participation

• In 2022, women comprised 7.9% of all uniformed personnel in field missions, a significant increase from just 1% in 1993. This included 5.9% in military contingents, 14.4% in police forces, and 43% in justice and corrections roles.
• Gender parity was also achieved among civilian Heads and Deputy Heads of Missions, marking progress in leadership representation.

Why Women Peacekeepers Matter

• Stronger Peacekeeping: Gender-inclusive teams improve peace operations by fostering diverse perspectives and enhancing civilian protection.
• Better Access & Trust: Women peacekeepers engage effectively with local populations, especially women and children, building stronger community relationships.
• Diverse Leadership & Decision-Making: Balanced teams contribute to better decision-making and more comprehensive conflict resolution strategies.
• Role Models for Change: Women peacekeepers inspire future generations, challenging traditional gender norms and promoting female empowerment.
• Advancing Gender Equality: Increased female participation aligns with the UN Charter’s principles of equality and non-discrimination, strengthening the foundation for sustainable peace.

Despite advancements, true gender balance in peacekeeping requires sustained commitment from nations worldwide. Increasing female representation is not just a numbers game—it is essential for building more inclusive and effective peace operations.

Indian Women in UN Peacekeeping: Breaking Barriers, Building Peace

India’s Leadership in Female Peacekeeping

• India has been a strong advocate for women in UN peacekeeping, recognizing their essential role in security and peacebuilding.
• Indian women peacekeepers serve on the front lines, engaging with local communities, protecting vulnerable groups, and fostering dialogue. India’s leadership in this domain reflects its broader commitment to gender equality and peacekeeping excellence.

Historical Contributions of Indian Women

• India has a legacy of deploying women in peacekeeping, dating back to the 1960s when Indian female medical officers were sent to the Congo.
• In 2007, India made history by deploying the first-ever all-female Formed Police Unit (FPU) to Liberia, significantly improving local security and inspiring women’s participation in the nation’s security sector. This initiative set a precedent for greater female inclusion in global peacekeeping efforts.

Current Deployments of Indian Women Peacekeepers

• As of February 2025, over 150 Indian women peacekeepers are serving in six critical UN missions, including the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, Lebanon, Golan Heights, Western Sahara, and Abyei.
• These deployments reaffirm India’s commitment to gender parity and showcase the crucial role women play in international security efforts.

Recognition and Achievements

• Major Radhika Sen was named the “Military Gender Advocate of the Year 2023” by the UN Headquarters, a recognition of the significant contributions made by Indian women peacekeepers.
• Their dedication and impact in conflict zones highlight India’s role as a leader in fostering gender-inclusive peacekeeping.

Challenges Faced by Women Peacekeepers

• Despite their contributions, Indian women peacekeepers face several challenges, including gender biases, security risks, and logistical barriers. Overcoming these obstacles requires resilience, institutional support, and policies ensuring their safety and operational effectiveness.
• However, their presence remains transformative, addressing gender-based violence, fostering trust, and inspiring change in conflict-affected regions.

Training and Capacity Building

• India has been at the forefront of peacekeeping training through the Centre for United Nations Peacekeeping (CUNPK), established by the Indian Army in New Delhi. CUNPK trains over 12,000 troops annually, offering a range of national and international courses.
• Additionally, it dispatches Mobile Training Teams to friendly nations to strengthen their peacekeeping capabilities.

International Collaboration in Training

• Recognized as a Centre of Excellence, CUNPK has become a hub for best practices in peacekeeping.
• In 2016, India launched the first United Nations Peacekeeping Course for African Partners (UNPCAP-01) in collaboration with the USA, focusing on enhancing African nations’ peacekeeping capacities. This initiative reflects India’s commitment to international cooperation and capacity-building.

Conference on Women Peacekeepers from the Global South

• In February 2025, CUNPK hosted the ‘Conference on Women Peacekeepers from the Global South’ at the Manekshaw Centre in New Delhi. The event brought together women peacekeepers from 35 nations to discuss strategies for enhancing female participation in peacekeeping operations.
• This conference reinforced India’s leadership in promoting gender inclusivity and strengthening global peace efforts.

Conclusion

• India’s contributions to UN peacekeeping demonstrate its deep commitment to global peace, security, and multilateral cooperation. As one of the largest troop-contributing nations, India not only provides personnel but also strengthens peacekeeping through leadership, training, and advocacy for gender parity.
• Indian peacekeepers have served with distinction from Korea to Liberia, earning global respect for their professionalism and dedication.
• Despite operating in volatile environments, Indian troops continue to risk their lives to protect civilians and uphold peace. The sacrifices of nearly 180 fallen Indian peacekeepers stand as a testament to this commitment.
• Beyond deployments, India actively contributes to peacekeeping through training, technological advancements, and promoting female participation. By championing gender inclusivity and international cooperation, India continues to shape a more peaceful and secure world, setting an example for nations worldwide.

6) Trump’s Bitcoin Reserve Plan: A Strategic Move or Risky Gamble?

GS 3: Economy: Bitcoin as an alternative to US Dollar

Why is it in the news?

• Bitcoin is often promoted as an alternative to the US dollar due to its fixed supply, making it resistant to inflation and an independent store of value outside the global financial system. This has led to comparisons with gold.
• While central banks worldwide maintain reserves of gold and the US dollar, only El Salvador has officially created a strategic reserve of cryptocurrencies. Other governments possess crypto assets, but primarily through seizures related to criminal activities or efforts to bypass international sanctions.

Trump’s Executive Order on Bitcoin Reserve

• On March 6, US President Donald Trump signed an executive order to establish a strategic bitcoin reserve. Trump has expressed his intent for the US to lead in digital currencies. His order mandates that the federal government retain nearly 200,000 bitcoins seized through criminal and civil proceedings.
• According to experts, Trump’s “crypto czar,” these assets will not be sold but stored as a value reserve, likening it to a “digital Fort Knox.” Additionally, the order calls for a comprehensive audit of government-held bitcoin, which has never been fully accounted for.

US Government’s Crypto Holdings and Strategy

• Sacks revealed that Washington had previously sold about 195,000 bitcoins for $366 million, which would now be worth around $17 billion. The new order allows the Treasury and Commerce Departments to develop budget-neutral strategies for acquiring additional bitcoin.
• Trump further named five cryptocurrencies—bitcoin, ether, XRP, solana, and cardano—to be part of the reserve. He claims this initiative will counter previous administration policies that were hostile to crypto and position the US as a global crypto leader.
• Reports indicate that US agencies currently hold 198,109 bitcoins, worth approximately $18.1 billion, mostly acquired through criminal asset seizures.

Understanding Strategic Reserves

• A strategic reserve is a stockpile of critical resources maintained to ensure stability during crises. The US Strategic Petroleum Reserve, for example, safeguards the country’s oil supply. Similarly, food reserves protect against shortages, and vaccine stockpiles were used during the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Monetary reserves, such as gold and foreign currency holdings, help stabilize national economies and facilitate trade. The US government holds around 8,133 metric tonnes of gold, mostly stored in Fort Knox. With increasing reliance on technology and renewable energy, nations are also stockpiling critical minerals.

Prospects and Challenges of a Crypto Reserve

• Supporters argue that a crypto reserve would diversify US financial holdings and enhance economic stability. This move could also encourage mainstream financial institutions to embrace cryptocurrencies, despite lingering concerns over their volatility and decentralized nature.
• However, skeptics caution that crypto prices are highly unpredictable, and a market crash could significantly reduce the reserve’s value. If the government purchases bitcoin near its record-high price of $109,000, it could be a risky financial decision, especially as Trump plans major public sector budget cuts.

Criticism and Potential Risks

• Critics argue that using government funds for a speculative asset lacks clear strategic benefits. Trump’s strong backing for crypto has also raised concerns about favouritism, as many of his political allies are major crypto investors. Additionally, bitcoin was originally designed to function outside government control, making a state-run reserve somewhat contradictory.
• Some experts warn that if multiple governments begin stockpiling bitcoin, they could manipulate the market, similar to how central banks influence gold and currency prices. Large gold purchases by countries like China, India, Turkey, and Poland recently pushed gold prices to record highs.

Legal and Political Hurdles

• Trump’s plan still requires congressional approval and faces legal challenges. Much of the crypto seized by US authorities originally belonged to private individuals, raising concerns about rightful ownership.
• While Trump is pushing for the US to lead in digital assets, significant political and regulatory obstacles remain before a national crypto reserve becomes a reality

7) A Holistic Approach to Cleaning the Ganga River

GS 3: Environment and Biodiversity: Mission to conserve Ganga and its tributaries

Why is it in the news?

• The Government of India launched the Namami Gange Programme (NGP) in 2014-15 as an integrated conservation mission to rejuvenate the Ganga and its tributaries. Initially allocated ₹20,000 crore for five years until March 2021, the program has been extended to March 2026 with an increased budget of ₹22,500 crore.
• The National Ganga Plan (CS) has been allotted ₹3,400 crore for 2025-26 to enhance sewage treatment, improve water quality, and regulate industrial waste, with the goal of meeting prescribed bathing standards by 2025.

Ganga: India’s Lifeline

• The Ganga River, one of the world’s most sacred rivers, is vital to India’s culture and sustenance but faces severe pollution and excessive water extraction.
• Recognizing its importance, the Namami Gange initiative was launched to reduce pollution, conserve, and rejuvenate the river while ensuring ecological balance.

Ganga River Basin: Challenges and Significance

• The Ganga River Basin is India’s largest, covering 27% of the country’s landmass and supporting 47% of its population across 11 states. With 65.57% of the basin used for agriculture and only 3.47% covered by water bodies, it remains India’s second most water-stressed basin after the Sabarmati Basin.
• Despite receiving 35.5% of India’s total precipitation, it has only 39% of the average per capita annual rainwater input among major Indian river basins.

Vision for Ganga Rejuvenation

The mission envisions restoring the river’s wholesomeness through:

• Aviral Dhara (Continuous Flow)
• Nirmal Dhara (Unpolluted Flow)
• Ecological and Geological Integrity
• The Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP), developed by a consortium of IITs, adopts an Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) approach, involving multi-sectoral and multi-agency interventions.

Key Interventions

• Pollution Abatement (Nirmal Ganga) – Reducing and managing pollution sources.
• Improving Ecology & Flow (Aviral Ganga) – Enhancing the river’s health and ensuring continuous water flow.
• People-River Connection (Jan Ganga) – Encouraging community participation and awareness.
• Research & Policy Development (Gyan Ganga) – Supporting scientific research and evidence-based policymaking.

Progress So Far (As of January 31, 2025)

Government’s Recent Initiatives for a Pollution-Free Ganga

• The National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) has taken major steps to curb pollution through infrastructure projects and ecological restoration efforts.

Key Sewage Treatment Projects

1) Durga Drain Project, Varanasi: The 60th Executive Committee Meeting of NMCG approved a ₹274.31 crore project for intercepting and diverting the Durga Drain and constructing a 60 MLD sewage treatment plant (STP). Built under the Hybrid Annuity Model, it includes a 75 MLD main pumping station for long-term wastewater management.

2) Bhadohi Sewage Treatment Project: To prevent untreated sewage from entering Varuna River, a ₹127.26 crore project will establish three STPs (17 MLD, 5 MLD, and 3 MLD) and an extensive sewer network, adopting the Design-Build-Operate-Transfer (DBOT) model for long-term sustainability.

Policy and Ecological Initiatives

1) National Framework for Safe Reuse of Treated Water: NMCG has developed a policy framework guiding states on wastewater reuse, supported by a handbook for urban policymakers to promote sustainable water management.

2) Biodiversity Conservation:

• Seven Biodiversity Parks sanctioned across Mirzapur, Bulandshahr, Hapur, Budaun, Ayodhya, Bijnore, and Pratapgarh in Uttar Pradesh.
• Five priority wetlands approved in Uttar Pradesh (3), Bihar (1), and Jharkhand (1).
• 33,024 hectares of afforestation completed with ₹398 crore expenditure to restore riparian ecology.
• 8 lakh Indian Major Carp (IMC) fingerlings released to support fish biodiversity and sustain the river dolphin prey base.

Industrial and Sewerage Infrastructure

1) Sewerage Infrastructure Projects: 203 projects worth ₹32,613 crore have been initiated to treat 6,255 MLD of wastewater. Of these, 127 STPs (3,446 MLD capacity) are completed and operational.

2) Industrial Pollution Control: Three Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) sanctioned:

• Jajmau (20 MLD) – Completed.
• Banther (4.5 MLD) – Under construction.
• Mathura (6.25 MLD) – Completed.

Conclusion

• The NMCG is committed to leveraging the best global resources and knowledge for Ganga rejuvenation.
• With significant progress in sewage treatment, biodiversity conservation, and industrial pollution control, the mission continues its efforts to restore the Ganga to a clean and thriving state for future generations.

8) The Russia-Ukraine War: A Brief History and Future Prospects

GS 2: International Relations: Russia- Ukraine war

Why is it in the news?

• The Ukraine conflict has seen dramatic shifts, particularly with U.S. President Donald Trump reversing Washington’s approach.
• Disagreements between Kyiv and Washington over ending the war led to a public spat between Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Mr. Trump in the Oval Office. This resulted in the U.S. pausing all military aid to Ukraine.
• A day later, Mr. Zelenskyy expressed regret, announced Kyiv’s willingness for a partial truce, and agreed to work with Mr. Trump for a lasting peace. These rapid geopolitical changes have left Europe unsettled, while Russia watches and waits as the war continues.

Origins of the War

• On February 24, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin launched the invasion of Ukraine, expecting a swift victory. Western nations, including the U.S., anticipated the same and withdrew their embassies from Kyiv. However, Ukraine, backed by U.S.-supplied weapons, resisted, prompting the West to intervene.
• Under President Joe Biden, the U.S. adopted a dual strategy—imposing sanctions to weaken Russia’s economy and arming Ukraine to resist on the battlefield. This initially forced Russia to retreat from Kharkiv and Kherson in late 2022.
• However, in response, Mr. Putin escalated the war, annexing four Ukrainian regions—Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson—and initiating partial mobilization.

Current State of the War

• By 2023, Russia had reversed the battlefield momentum, capturing Soledar in January and Bakhmut in May. In 2024, its forces took Avdiivka in February, Krasnohorivka in September, and Vuhledar in October. Despite Ukraine’s counteroffensive in June 2023, it failed to reclaim lost territories.
• In August 2024, Ukraine attempted to pressure Russia by capturing 1,000 sq. km in the Kursk region. However, Russia avoided being drawn into a strategic trap and continued its eastern offensive, capturing 4,168 sq. km in both Ukraine and Russia’s Kursk by the end of 2024.
• In January 2025, Russian forces seized Velyka Novosilka and parts of Toretsk, while also attempting to encircle Pokrovsk. Although Ukraine has intensified drone and missile strikes deep into Russian territory and the Black Sea, it remains on the defensive.

Trump’s Shift in Ukraine Policy

• Fulfilling his campaign promise to end the war swiftly, President Trump took decisive action after assuming office. His Defense Secretary, Pete Hegseth, informed the Ukraine Defense Contact Group—an alliance of 57 countries and the EU—that Ukraine would not join NATO.
• He also ruled out U.S. security guarantees for Ukraine and stated that any European guarantees would not fall under NATO’s collective defense clause. Shortly after, Mr. Trump spoke with Mr. Putin, leading to two rounds of direct U.S.-Russia talks.
• This shift suggests that the U.S. no longer views Russia as a major threat. Washington appears to be moving away from the post-World War II transatlantic security framework and returning to a pre-World War I strategy of offshore balancing. In this view, China is the primary challenge to U.S. dominance, and a Russia-China alliance could heighten that threat.
• To counter this, Mr. Trump’s administration seems to be pursuing a diplomatic realignment, akin to Henry Kissinger’s 1970s approach of exploiting the Sino-Soviet split.
• In this grand strategy, Ukraine is viewed as an obstacle, and Mr. Trump appears convinced that Ukraine cannot win, even with U.S. support. He aims to persuade Kyiv to accept a U.S.-brokered deal with Russia to end the war.

European Reactions and NATO’s Future

• Europe is struggling to adapt to these developments. In 2008, when U.S. President George W. Bush promised Ukraine NATO membership, Germany and France were hesitant. After Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and supported separatists in eastern Ukraine, Germany and France brokered the Minsk accords to bring peace.
• However, the U.S. was skeptical of these accords and continued backing Ukraine militarily. The failure to implement Minsk led to the full-scale war.
• The conflict has inflicted severe economic costs on Europe. The Nord Stream pipeline, which supplied Russian gas to Germany, was sabotaged—most likely by Ukrainian forces, as per U.S. media reports. This resulted in an energy crisis, triggering inflation and industrial decline.
• Germany, for instance, has been in recession for three consecutive years, and right-wing movements are gaining ground in several European nations.
• Now, as the U.S. shifts its stance, excluding both Ukraine and Europe from direct talks with Russia, European leaders are uncertain about their next move. They have convened two summits since Mr. Trump took office, pledging increased support for Ukraine.
• However, it remains unclear whether Europe, which lacks unity and military strength, can provide security guarantees to Ukraine without U.S. backing. Europe is also concerned about NATO’s future, given that the Trump administration is reorienting U.S. foreign and security policy.

Ukraine’s Dilemma

• Ukraine has lost over 20% of its territory to Russia, with tens of thousands of soldiers killed and millions of citizens displaced. The economy is in crisis, and its energy sector remains vulnerable to Russian attacks.
• Ukraine relies heavily on external military aid, covering at least half of its artillery and ammunition needs. It also faces a manpower shortage on the battlefield. President Trump has remarked that Ukraine is “running low on soldiers,” while U.S. Vice President J.D. Vance acknowledges Russia’s “huge numerical advantage.”
• The situation leaves Ukraine with grim options. The U.S. now believes it is unrealistic for Ukraine to reclaim lost territory—a position that Kyiv and European nations reluctantly acknowledge. The U.S. had promised NATO membership to Ukraine in 2008 but in 2025 is urging it to abandon that hope.
• Ukraine seeks security guarantees, but the U.S. is unwilling to provide them. Continuing the war risks further territorial losses, while ending it would require accepting terms dictated by both Russia and the U.S.

Conclusion

• Great powers fight proxy wars when their interests clash and reset relations when their interests align—leaving smaller nations like Ukraine to bear the consequences. As geopolitical shifts unfold, Ukraine finds itself with limited choices and an uncertain future.

9) India’s AI Race: The Mission to Build Local AI

GS 3: Science and Technology: AI Revolution in India

Why is it in the news?

• The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology launched the IndiaAI Mission to bolster the country’s artificial intelligence capabilities. Initially set up in collaboration with Nasscom in 2023, the mission is now fully led by the Union government, with a budget of ₹10,371.92 crore.
• The primary objectives include “Making AI in India and Making AI Work for India.” This initiative aims to support private firms and academia in AI research and development. A crucial component of this effort is the Common Compute facility, which provides startups and researchers access to powerful Graphics Processing Units (GPUs).

The Role of GPUs in AI Development

• GPUs, commonly used for rendering images and graphics in PCs and phones, have become essential for AI research. These processing units perform complex calculations required to train and run AI models, making them a critical part of AI infrastructure.
• Due to their high demand and cost, access to GPUs has been a challenge. For instance, Nvidia’s Blackwell GPU is reportedly sold out until October. The IndiaAI Mission addresses this issue by empanelling Indian data centres with GPUs and managing resource allocation for startups and researchers. So far, 14,000 GPUs have been acquired, with more expected quarterly.

AI Kosha: Building India’s AI Datasets

• One of the major challenges in developing AI models suited for India is the lack of localized data. AI Kosha, part of the IndiaAI Datasets Platform, aims to collect non-personal data from various ministries and departments to build AI models relevant to India.
• Many AI models are predominantly trained on Western datasets, often biased toward English and developed countries. To address this, AI Kosha has uploaded datasets such as translation models for Indian languages. This effort ensures AI models are trained on locally relevant data, making them more effective for Indian users.

The Importance of Translation Models

• India has a diverse linguistic landscape, and many internet users contribute online in English, even if it is not their native language. AI Kosha’s translation models aim to reduce language bias and make AI tools more inclusive.
• By providing AI developers with access to Indian-language data, the mission ensures that local AI firms can create models that cater to the country’s multilingual population. This localization is crucial for competing with global AI leaders like OpenAI and Google.

Expanding AI Capabilities: Other Pillars of IndiaAI Mission

• The IndiaAI Mission consists of seven key pillars, with initiatives beyond Common Compute and AI Kosha.
• One significant pillar is the AI Safety Institute of India, which will study AI risks and establish safeguards to prevent unintended consequences. This includes ensuring AI models do not generate harmful content and that biomedical AI tools provide reliable results.
• Another pillar is the IndiaAI Innovation Centre, which focuses on developing domain-specific foundation models. Additionally, the mission includes an application development initiative to commercialize AI use cases, Futureskills to establish AI labs in smaller cities, and startup financing to support AI-driven entrepreneurship.

The Roadmap for an Indigenous AI Model

• The government is also keen on developing an indigenous foundation model, which serves as the core engine of AI applications. Creating such a model is resource-intensive and forms a major part of AI development costs.
• To expedite this, the IndiaAI Mission has issued a request for proposals, receiving 67 applications so far. The government aims to facilitate this process in a matter of months, positioning India as a key player in the global AI landscape.

Conclusion

• With a structured approach through AI Kosha, Common Compute facilities, and foundational AI research, India is making rapid strides in developing local AI solutions.
• These initiatives are set to empower startups, researchers, and policymakers to build AI models tailored to India’s needs, ensuring the country remains competitive in the global AI race.

10) Sahitya Akademi Awards 2024: Celebrating Literary Excellence and Diversity

GS 1: Culture and History: Contributions towards literature

Why is it in the news?

• Hindi poet Gagan Gill and Naga author Easterine Kire were among the 23 recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award 2024, honoured during the Sahityotsav: Festival of Letters. The annual award recognizes outstanding works in novels, short stories, poetry, essays, and plays.

More about the news

• Gagan Gill received the award for his poetry collection Main Jab Tak Aai Bahar, while Easterine Kire was honoured for her novel Spirit Nights.
• Other notable recipients include Sohan Koul for his Kashmiri novel Psychiatric Ward, Paul Kaur for her Punjabi poetry book Sun Gunvanta Sun Budhivanta: Itihaasnama Punjab, and Aron Raja Basomatary for his Bodo novel Swrni Thakhai.
• The award also recognized Yuva Baral for his Nepali short story collection Chhichimira and Hundraj Balwani for his Sindhi work Purzo.
• Other winners include K. Jayakumar (Malayalam), Haobam Satyabati Devi (Manipuri), Dileep Jhaveri (Gujarati), Sameer Tanti (Assamese), Mukut Maniraj (Rajasthani), and Dipak Kumar Sharma (Sanskrit).
• Each awardee received a plaque, a shawl, and ₹1 lakh.

11) 7 Years of POSHAN Abhiyan

GS 2: Polity and Governance: Enhancing nutritional outcome

Context

• Launched in 2018, POSHAN Abhiyaan has now completed seven years of implementation, continuing its mission to improve nutritional outcomes in India.

About POSHAN Abhiyaan

Objectives:

• Reduce stunting among children (0-6 years).
• Decrease undernutrition (low weight) in children (0-6 years).
• Lower anaemia rates in women and adolescent girls (15-49 years).
• Minimize cases of low birth weight through better maternal and child healthcare.

Key Pillars of POSHAN Abhiyaan:

• Access to Quality Services: Ensuring essential health and nutrition services through schemes like ICDS, NHM, and PMMVY, particularly in the critical first 1,000 days of a child’s life.
• Cross-Sectoral Collaboration: Integrating efforts across ministries, including sanitation through Swachh Bharat Mission and water supply under the National Drinking Water Mission.
• Technology Integration: Utilizing tools like the Poshan Tracker app for real-time monitoring and intervention.
• Community Participation (Jan Andolan): Driving awareness and behavioral change through mass public engagement.

Mission Saksham Anganwadi & POSHAN 2.0

• Initiated in 2021, this initiative merged multiple nutrition programs, such as the Supplementary Nutrition Programme and POSHAN Abhiyaan, under a single framework.

Funding Structure:

• For States & UTs with Legislatures: 60:40 cost-sharing between the Union and State/UT governments.
• For Northeastern & Himalayan States: 90:10 cost-sharing between the Union and State governments.