·   B-cells and T-cells are specific types of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, which play a crucial role in the body’s immune response.

 Types of T cells:

T-cells originate in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus gland, and then migrate to lymphatic tissues or the bloodstream to carry out their functions.

·       Cytotoxic T-cells: These T-cells are responsible for directly killing cells infected with viruses and bacteria, as well as destroying tumour cells.

·       Helper T-cells: Helper T-cells send signals to other immune cells, directing them to fight infections and coordinate immune responses.

·       Regulatory T-cells (Tregs): Tregs are involved in suppressing excessive immune responses to prevent autoimmune reactions. They help maintain immune tolerance and prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s own cells and tissues.

B-cells:

B-cells are lymphocytes that produce antibodies in response to antigens, which are substances that trigger an immune response. There are two main types of B-cells:

·  Plasma cells: Plasma cells are responsible for producing antibodies that target specific antigens, aiding in the neutralization and elimination of pathogens.

·   Memory cells: Memory B-cells are long-lived cells that “remember” past encounters with antigens, allowing for a quicker and more effective immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen.

Both B-cells and T-cells are integral components of the immune system, working together to defend the body against infections, diseases, and foreign invaders.