·       Asymmetric federalism involves unequal powers and relationships in political, administrative, and fiscal arrangements between units in a federation.

·       Constituent states have varying levels of independence, resulting in an asymmetrical distribution of powers.

·       Special Status of Kashmir: Article 370 granted special terms to Jammu and Kashmir, limiting the jurisdiction of the Centre to foreign affairs, defence, and communications, with the state legislature having residuary powers.

·       Northeastern Hill States: Upgraded from Union Territories, Article 371 provides special powers to northeastern states, safeguarding their cultural and traditional divisions, including respect for customary laws, religious and social practices, and restrictions on land ownership and migration.

Importance of Asymmetric Federalism in India

·       Special provisions protect fundamental rights, compensating for initial social inequalities.

·       Allows separate laws for different religious groups, ensuring affirmative action for extremely disadvantaged groups.

·       Preserves diversity by protecting vulnerable groups through special powers, contributing to the concept of ‘sabka sath sabka vikas.’

·       Addresses diverse needs arising from ethnic, linguistic, or cultural differences, reducing dissatisfaction among states.

·       Special powers in Jammu and Kashmir help reduce radicalization, considering its diverse population, Muslim majority, and proximity to Pakistan.

·       Facilitates representation for minority areas and sparsely populated regions, ensuring justice and inclusivity.

·       Acknowledges the need for constitutional recognition of inequality, aiming to protect diversity without compromising unity or imposing uniformity.

·       Asymmetric federalism and special provisions address dissatisfaction arising from inequalities among states and regions in India.