Why is it in the news?

• ISRO conducted a successful 21-day-long thermal vacuum test in preparation for the satellite’s launch in 2024. The test was performed in a facility that simulates the expected flight conditions.

NISAR

 About

• NISAR is a joint project developed by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation).
• It is a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) observatory designed for Earth observation.

Mission Objectives

• NISAR’s primary objective is to map the entire globe in just 12 days.
• It provides consistent data for understanding changes in Earth’s ecosystems and ice mass.
• NISAR is equipped with both L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments.
• L-band radars are used for clear air turbulence studies, while S-band radars are useful for weather observation.
• The satellite features a 39-foot gold mesh antenna reflector that focuses radar signals from the upward-facing instrument.

Significance

• NISAR’s large imaging area (>240km) enables it to capture full-earth images in just 12 days.
• It offers high precision and resolution (<1cm) due to its dual-band radar systems.
• NISAR monitors various regions, including Indian coasts, Antarctica, and deltaic regions, for changes in bathymetry.
• It observes disturbances in ecosystems, ice sheet collapses, and natural hazards, providing valuable data for Earth science and environmental monitoring.
• These points highlight the mission objectives and significance of the NISAR satellite in Earth observation and environmental monitoring.

Applications

• Measurement of forest cover and land usage.
• Monitoring of oil and gas exploration activities.
• Assessment of water resources, including changes in water bodies.
• Tracking the source and epicentre of earthquakes.
• Monitoring landslides and oil spills.
• Mapping the aftermath and impact of disasters for effective response.
• Observing changes in permafrost conditions.
• Monitoring shifts in ice sheets and glaciers.
• Tracking Cryospheric changes for climate and environmental research.